نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 40، تابستان 1394)

The purpose of this study was to estimate cost، gross income and net benefit of different treatments in rainfed wheat production، also determining of cost ratio and sale return، selecting of the best agronomic management and determine of cost price of water irrigation. Treatments were including two agronomic managements traditional (tillage without disk and plat، planting with hand) and advanced managements (tillage with disk and plat، planting with seeder)، with different levels of single irrigation (rainfed، single irrigation at planting time and single irrigation at spring time). Field experiments carried out by sample farmers on rainfed wheat at Honam selected site in Aleshtar region of Lorestan province) during two years (2008 and 2010). Data were analyzed by Partial Budgeting Technique (PBT) and economic engineering methods (formulation of a uniform series). Net benefit in advanced management under rainfed، single irrigation at planting time and spring time were estimated 30. 6%، 103% and 76. 5% more than traditional management. Advanced management had more effectiveness. In this management، Sale return was estimated 74%. The Cost Prices of irrigation water were estimated 213 and 338. 1 Rials per cubic meters with discount rates 15% and 25%، respectively. Finally، at Honam site، recommended management is including: The first، advanced management until planting single irrigation، the second، advanced management until spring single irrigation.

Rice is one of the most important crops in Asian countries, because of limitation in water resources, the studies on plant tolerance mechanisms to drought stress and the use of tolerant genotypes are going to be more considered. In current research, three Iranian rice cultivars named Neda, Amol3, and Sang-tarom with different responses to drought stress were used. The rice seedlings were grown in three treatments including control (Fraction of Transpirable Soil Water=1.0), mild drought stress (FTSW=0.5) and severe drought stress (FTSW=0.2) in glasshouse. The root length and the expression levels of three transcription factors, ZFP252, MYB3R-2 and AP37were investigated in vegetative stage of growth by qRT-PCR. Neda showed significant increase (P<0.05) in root length with compared to Sang-tarom in mild and severe drought stress but there were not any significant differences between Neda and Amol3. Neda had less significant increases (P<0.05) in expression levels of ZFP252, MYB3R-2 and AP37with compared to Sang-tarom in mild drought stress and also less significant increases in expression levels of ZFP252 and AP37 with compared to Amol3.In severe drought stress (FTSW=0.2), Neda showed less significant expression levels of all three transcription factors with compared to Sang-tarom. Neda is probably more tolerant line and also a candidate for selection against drought stress due to longer roots but there are different mechanisms in responses to drought stress in genes expression levels in different rice lines.

Eggplant is a notable vegetable crop grown in a variety of tropical and temperate regions. In vitro regeneration of eggplant was established to determine an efficient phytohormone concentration for development of organogenesis from cotyledon and leaf explants. Ten-day old cotyledon and 25-day old leaf explants were cultured on MS medium amended with Gamborg’s B5 vitamins and 2% sucrose in 10 different concentrations and combinations of NAA, BAP, TDZ, 2,4-D and IAA phytohormons. Cultured explants were incubated at 25 ± 2 ºC for 3 weeks under 16:8 h photoperiod. Well-grown regenerated shoots were transferred to fresh growth medium after 3 weeks for shoot elongation. All cotyledon and leaf explants produced various callus masses but only white and friable ones were able to regenerate into vigorous shoots. Shoot regeneration medium (SRM10) containing MS + TDZ 2 mg/L + BAP 0.5 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L showed high potential in organogenesis of both explant types. Shoot regeneration and organogenesis from cotyledon explants were much more advantageous than leaf explants. The average of cotyledon and leaf explants producing shoot were 4.3 ± 0.33 and 1.6 ± 0.67 out of 5 in each plate, respectively. The percentages of regenerated shoots in cotyledon and leaf explants cultured on SRM10 were 86.6 ± 6.67 and 33.3 ± 13.3%, respectively. Current work can shed a light on production of transgenic eggplants and can be followed by normal mature plants regeneration.

To soil and water salinity are the main problems for agricultural crop production especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was conducted in a completely randomized design and factorial experiment with four replications to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity on nutrient element concentrations in wheat. Treatments consisted of four levels of NaCl salinity, 0, 20, 40, 60 milimolar in perlite bed and second treatment were including Urea, solid NPK and dissolved NPK. Results showed that the effect of different levels of salinity on chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen percent were significant. Salinity to a certain extent caused the increase of chlorophyll, but then led to the decrease of chlorophyll due to the adverse effect of salinity on chlorophyll and degradation of chloroplasts. Also, the salinity led to the reduction of leaf nitrogen. Reduction of nitrogen content in shoots in salty environments can be due to the inhibitory effect of chloride on nitrate uptake. The highest and lowest concentrations of P respectively were achieved from 0 salinity level with urea and 60 mM salinity level with urea that probably was due to high levels of Na and competition of Cl with P to uptake by the plant. The main effect of salinity is increasing of sodium concentration in plant tissue. Reduced uptake of potassium and reduction of plant growth are the results of sodium increment. Maximum concentration of Ca was reported from 40 mM salinity treatments with urea and minimum amount from 60 mM salinity treatments with solid NPK fertilizer.According to result, in terms of salinity stress, using of dissolved NPK fertilizers in perlit bed had a better performance in the concentration of nutrient elements in wheat leaves.

This study was conducted during thesummer of 2013 in Islamic Azad University, Dezful branch in a completely randomized design with three replications in a factorial base in order to determine the effect of hydro and halopriming pretreatments on germination, early growth and establishment of maize 704 single cross cultivar under salinity and drought conditions. To this end, the corn seeds pretreated with potassium nitrate (halopriming) and distilled water (hydropriming) in terms of germination index and growth of seedlings under salt stress by sodium chloride and drought conditions caused by poly ethylene glycol 6000 in water potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.6 MPa in greenhouse were studied in vitro. Seeds were able to germinate in all concentrations of sodium chloride solution, but germination was not observed only in -0.6 MPa osmotic potential. Pretreatment of seeds caused better seed germination and seedling growth under salinity and drought stresses. The application of hydro and osmotic pretreatments could compensate the negative effects of salinity and drought stresses and had positive effect on germination indices and also caused rapid seed germination. Generally, pretreatment practices are recommended for the improvement of germination and initial establishment of maize seedling.

This study was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Shirvan branch during the growing year in 2012-2013 to determine the effect of solid waste compostand urea fertilizer in different levels of irrigation on yield and yield components of safflower. The solid waste compost treatments consisted of 5, 10, 15 and 20 t/h and urea fertilizer at the rate of 200 kg/h. Irrigation treatments consist of irrigation at planting, at planting + stem elongation and at planting+ stem elongation + flowering. The experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation and fertilizer treatments were conducted in main plot and sub-plot, respectively. The highest plant height that was equal with 96.8 cm observed in application of 15 t/h solid waste compost with irrigation at planting+ stem elongation stages, that 14% was more than urea fertilizer treatment. The highest number of capitol per plant observed in two irrigation at planting+ stem elongation with application of 5 t/h solid waste compost that was 20% more than urea fertilizer treatment. The highest seed yield belonged to application of 5 t/h solid waste compost with two irrigation at planting + stem elongation stages that was 14% more than urea fertilizer treatment. Therefore according to results of this experiment two irrigation at planting and stem elongation stages and application of 5 t/h solid waste compost are advisable for safflower suitable seed yield production.

In present research, genetic diversity of gliadins among 30 wheat landraces belong to region of Zanjan-Iran, was studied by Acid-PAGE technique. Totally 54 polymorphic gliadin bands were identified. The highest frequency was related to gliadin band 46 witch observed in 90% of wheats. Also gliadins 12.5 and 15.5 were observed in 86.7% of the wheats. Genetic diversity of the wheats based on total gliadin found to be high (H=0.967). Highest and Lowest genetic variation related to omega-gliadins (H=0.917) and gamma-gliadins (H=0.781) respectively. Wheats of Zanjan showed diversity in terms of gliadin bands number (11-25 bands). The entire wheats, showed specific gliadin pattern. Totally, 29 omega-gliadin patterns, 15 gamma-gliadin patterns, 22 beta-gliadin patterns and 23 alpha-gliadin patterns were observed. Cluster analysis could separate three tetraploid genotypes TN-11372, TN-11734, TN-11743 from hexaploids. These results indicate that gliadin proteins analysis is useful for evaluating of genetic diversity, characterizing of wheat genotypes and separating of different ploidy levels.

In order to study interferential effect of lambsquarters (Chenopodiun album) on some of physiological traits and yield of marigold (Calendula officinalis), a factorial experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran, based on randomized complete block design in three replications during 2014. Studied factors were weed densities (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per meter row) and its relative emergence times (along with crop, 10, 20 and 30 days after crop). Results indicated that in plots with 6-8 weed plants per meter row time to 12th leaf appearance in marigold delayed 5.3 days. In plots with only 2 weed plants, crop LAI value was similar to the control. Weed emergence time was more effective than its density on biomass. Crop biomass reduced 6.3 and 1.5 g m-2 per one weed plant increasing in meter row and one day earlier weed emergence, respectively. Weed competition had more negative effect on crop flower yield than its biomass. Lambsquarters could decrease crop yield when it was emerged with more than 4 plants per meter row. With considering of 5% permissible yield loss of marigold in competition with lambsquarters, its economic loss threshold determined when at least 2 weed plants per meter rowemerged 10 days after marigold and compete along with crop until late growth season. It was recommended to controlling of lambsquarters while at least to weed plants per meter row of marigold emerged before 10th day of emergence.