نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 20 (تابستان 1394)

The purpose of this study was evaluation the effect of participation in different fields of Sport on social and emotional maturity of female students of Khorasan Razavi province. The statistical population of this descriptive survey was 17-40 years old university girl's students of Khorasan Razavi provinces that by the help of cluster sampling we distributed 488 questionnaires between Statistical populations. For assessing social and emotional maturity researcher used from emotional maturity scale and Rao's Social Maturity Scale. After eliminating incomplete questionnaires the number of 488 questionnaires were coded and were analyzed by SPSS software by the help of descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Parametric and Non-parametric analysis of variances, Pearson and spearman correlation index and multiple regression) statistics. The result of this study showed that doing a sport activity have a significant effect on social (P=0.028) and emotional (P=0.008) maturity. Participation in deferent field of sport activity had a significant effect on some subscale of these two kinds of maturation. Analysis of result showed that the most important variable to predict emotional maturation was championship and the years that person do sport activity and most important variable to predict social maturation was the term of education and living in dorm. Overall these results showed that sport have an effect on social and emotional maturity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled observational practice and model’s skill level on learning of badminton long serve. 52 female students (18-26 ages) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: a) skilled model-self-control, b)skilled model-yoked, c)learning model-self-control, d)learning model-yoked. The study involved pre-test, acquisition and retention test. outcome and movement pattern were measured as dependent variables. Independent variables were model type (skilled or learning) and practice condition (self-controlled or yoked). Data were analysed with factorial ANCOVA, kruskal-wallis and U-mann-whitney tests. In regard to movement pattern, The result showed that the main effect of practice condition, the main effect of model type and interaction of practice condition and model type were not significant neither acquisition nor retention test. on the subject of outcome scores the main effect of model type was significant in acquisition test. learning model group showed better performance than skilled model group, but the main effect of practice condition was not significant in acquisition test, as well as, the main effect of practice condition, the main effect of model type and interaction of practice condition and model type were not significant in retention test.

the purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of sport mental toughness questioner Sheard, Golby and Wersch (2009), respectively. In this regard and to confirm the construct validity of the questionnaire, 197 (106 male and 91 female) athletes with different skill levels (novice, sub-elite and elite) in 10 team and individual sports, selected by random sampling and then completed the questionnaire. For this purpose, the first using a translation - back translation method, content and face validity of Persian version of questionnaire were confirmed by 3 sport psychologists and 3 English teaching specialists. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for validation of internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method with 4-week interval was used to study temporal reliability of items. The results showed that the sport mental toughness questioner (SMTQ) had acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.92), internal consistency (Confidence = 0.76, Constancy = 0.78, Control =0.72, and the total = 0.76), and temporal reliability (Confidence = 0.74, Constancy = 0.82, Control =0.74, and the total = 0.83), indicating good validity and reliability of the Persian version of sport mental toughness questioner. Therefore, the Persian version of the sport mental toughness questioner (SMTQ) can be characterized as a valid and reliable tool to study and evaluate the mental toughness of Iranian athletes will benefit.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of basic gymnastics movements on motor skills of children with autism disorders. Participants were 45 autistic children aged 4 to 12 years old from the Autism Center of Isfahan. Thirty seven of them had the criteria to participate in the study which 24 of them were randomly selected, Participants were matched based on movement skills pretest divided in two groups. Movement Assessment Battery for children was used to assess the children's motor skills. First, a pretest was conducted for both groups, then; the experimental group exercised basic gymnastic movements 2 days per week for 24 weeks in 45-minute sessions. Then, a post-test was conducted for both groups. Levine's test for homogeneity of variance and K-S test for normality of the data were used. For data analysis, (ANCOVA) at p 0.05 were used. The results demonstrated that basic gymnastic movements significant improve total motor skills, ball skills and static and dynamic balance. But no significant diference was shown in manual dexterity. The results can be claimed that basic gymnastic movements improve motor skills in children with autism disorder.

The purpose of this study was to measure the difference in isokinetic force generation in dominant leg when exposed to a motivational environment (arousing and relaxing music) and non-motivational environment (silence). Twenty novice taekwondo player with mean age (4.30 ± 23.65) participate in this Descriptive research. The analysis of variance with repeated measures to comparison force generation control of 20 non elite taekwondo player in the music with different rhythm and no music was used. Participants performed 5 isokinetic repetitions of knee extension and flexion at a set velocity of 60°/sec in three (non-music and music with high and low rhythm trials) performed. Testing order was randomized to control for learning effect. Significant different were found for Accuracy of force generation (p <. 05) between three condition. The results showed participant had lowest error in low rhythm music condition. The authors concluded that music and rhythm had effect on Accuracy of force generation in non-elite taekwondo player. The study may have been limited by a number of confounding effects, warranting a repeated yet enhanced research design of the study. As a result Taekwondo coaches and athletes can use it during trainings. probably, Music have an reinforcing or motivational component role in non-elite Taekwondo players isokinetic force generation, but high music rhythm may increase error force production and arousal.

The purpose of this research was to design and construct a questionnaire for evaluating lifeguards’ vigilance in surveillance. Present research samples were degree 1 and 2 lifeguards from different provinces of Iran in 1391 and 1392 that their management agreed to cooperate with researchers. In process of designing and construction of questionnaire, identification of psychological factors affecting vigilance, simplification of these factors and drawing proposed conceptual model, face and content validity of factors, construction of questions bank and initial questionnaire, face and content validity of initial questionnaire, a pilot test, and item analysis were done and ultimately, a 142- items questionnaire was obtained. In process of determining validity and reliability of questionnaire, at first, the 142- items questionnaire were given to 310 lifeguards. Then, for analyzing construct validity of questionnaire, the Principle Component Analysis methods with Direct Oblimin Rotation technique and Minimum Partial Average method for determining the number of extracted component, were used. To determine Questionnaire reliability, time reliability test with 10 days interval (intra class correlation) and internal consistency (Cronbach Alpha) were used on another 40 lifeguards. Result demonstrate that the final 102- items questionnaire with 15 major component that determine 54/91 percent of total variance among all questions and also with internal consistency of 0/92 and significant test retest reliability of 0/74, is a valid, reliable, localized, and specialized questionnaire for evaluating vigilance in lifeguard's surveillance.

The aim of this study was investigating the role of feedback to successful and unsuccessful trials in focus of internal and external attention on performance and learning long badminton service. 44 female students were volunteered with a mean age of 16/1±./76 as sample for this study. After performing the test subjects were randomly divided into four experimental groups. All groups did during 6 acquisition phases according to the planning instructions long service badminton task. Before performing service group’s focus of internal attention repeated through self-talk “the pull back” phrase and group’s focus of external attention, “target” word. The subjects received knowledge of performance feedback after every 3 trails tailored to with their groups, after successful or unsuccessful trials. 48 hours after the acquisition phase was performed retention and transfer tests. Data were analyzed using Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA in the acquisition phase and two-way analysis of variance (p≤ 0.05) in the retention and transfer tests. The results showed that the progression was significant during the acquisition phase, the interaction effect the focus of attention with the type of feedback both the acquisition phase and retention and transfer tests. So that, in internal focus of attention condition, the group of feedback to unsuccessful trails and in the external focus of attention conditions, the group of feedback to successful trails had better learn. it is suggested that during the teaching motor skills and the use of feedback to successful and unsuccessful trails, the focus of attention is also to be considered.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on working memory performance and mental rotation ability. The participants included 34 inactive women with age range of 21 to 26 years of Mehriz city were selected purposely (Experimental Group=18, Control Group=16). Aerobic exercise was included a session running at 60%of maximum heart rate. To collect the data mental rotation test and software N-Back was used. Results of MANOVA showed that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise effect on working memory performance and mental rotation abilities (P≤0.05). In other words, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise may facilitate working memory and mental rotation ability. Actually, present study revealed the interaction and communication between cognitive and motor processes more than before.