فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، بهار 1394)

Shawl weaving and wool textile has the historical precedent in Kerman. Wool and shawlwere the most important export goods of this city before Qajar era. DuringQajar era, thisindustry had been notably developed and Kerman became the most important district forshawl weaving in Iran.The geographical situation of Kerman and surrounded areas had a major impact on the growth of this industry. In other words, Kerman was capable for producing wool and fluff with high quality. A number of shawl weavers, that approximately devotedtwo out of three of population of this city to themselves, arouse as a result of this industrial development. These weaver produced some protesting movements in the end of Qajarera. This class encountered many challenges such as unsuitable conditions of life, deprivation of protective rules, lack of meeting and guild and also social gap of society inKerman. Subsequently, these conditionsforced weaver to protest against status directlyand indirectly. At the end of this period, carpet weaving had been developed and substituted for shawl weaving. Therefore, this study aims to examine shawl weavingindustry and the effects of economical, Social and political conditions on weavers inKerman of Qajar era based on descriptive analytical approach by employing local historyresources of Kerman, travelogues and new studies.

According to historical evidences, Shamloo tribe was the greatest and most numeroustribes of Qezelbash in Safavid era. This tribe had a significant role not only in thefoundation of Safvid government but also in maintenance of this dynasty by takingcharge of some positions such as administrative officials, military commanders, controlof provinces, being tutor of Safavid princess and, etc. However, at some junctures, mightof this tribe reduced as a result of tribal rivalries, and policies of Safavid s sovereigns.This study aims to examine the role of shamloo tribe in the foundation and maintenanceof Safavid government from the beginning of this dynasty to the end of Shah Tahmasbskingdom(1501-1576 A.D).The outcome of this research determine that shamloo tribe had an influential andprominent effect on foundation and maintenance of Safavid government. Meanwhile, forsome reasons, its power temporarily fell down but in general, this tribe not only couldpreserve its socio- political status during Shah Tahmasb's kingdom but also had impacton taking power by Shah Abbas and preceded in this period.

Rastagh is one of the villages located between Ashkzar and Meibod cities in central district of Ashkzar Meibod. According to local resources, the most ancient settlement ofthis village is belonged to Arsacids. Furthermore, the archeology districts which exploredrecently are belonged to Arsacids era. Not only resources of Sasanid era show the existence of some of these settlements but also archeological evidences have beenexplored of this era prove that. Although, it has not been founded any trace about thisvillage in the resources of the early history of Islam, the exictence of Malek Abad districtover this period has been confirmed by ultimate researches. Ilkhanid era is one of themostsignificant period of this district. The researches andexplored archeology districts belonged to this era confirm that this village had been inhabited until Safavid era. Anyinformation has been achieved about this village over Safavid era due to the lack of historical evidence in resources. Over Qajar era, this settlement had been developed inthis strict and many villages were founded. Consequently, from Arsacids to Qajar erawere founded different settlements in this district that some of them had been isolated,other have existed as village and the number of them have altered to great cities duringcontemporary period. This essay endeavors to analyze the process of foundation of thisvillage and its changes based on available resources and archeology data by employing ahistorical descriptive approach.

In this article, it is tried to show how the emersion of Zoroaster's religious thoughts,created new concepts in political thoughts and power relations in Iran.Although this process had been emerged in the light of common interests and commonenemy among different Aryan tribes, however these relations found broader implicationsand with the emergence of Achaemenids, these formed foundations, were realized in anmore extensive zone of human world.Most of doctrines that exist in different philosophical-intellectual western schools, are theresults of this new religion in human history. The religion that founded a new attitude tohumankind and humanity by linking fundamental interests of the collective to divineworld and was a new beginning for new different ideas of cosmopolitan. The practicalrealization of these ideas in the field of historiography, are indebted of historiansinfluenced by Hellenism.

The historical literature of us demonstrates not only the absence of association innarrative setting but also incapacity of their historical role. As a result of that, men havebeen recorded their history. In other hand,women historiography is regarded to be malehistory. It has been seemed that the most important reason of this ignorance is the lack of participation of Muslim's women in social role notably in science fields. The reasonswhich made their social scientific role less important are variant. It has been believed thatmaternity substantially in essence of physiology and psychology structure of women.Subsequently, they miss the opportunity to rival with men in scientificand social fieldsdue to this aspect. On the other side, it could not be denied the effect of other factors such as underestimation of women, pioneering of men in fields of conquest of lands andsubsequently discovery and transferring the scientific achievements of other nations andalso translating and completing of them, Islamic rationality outdoor retreat and layerdeposition realistic ideas from Hadith's approach, the dominance of patriarchal thinkingin the arena of family and society and followed by rise of political despotism instead ofpontificated system based on divine legitimation and popularity, substitution of conflictsand sectarian and ethnic wars instead of Islamic tolerance, effectiveness of traditions andthoughts of Arab conflict ignorant life, Buddism, Jewish and Manichaen and finally,changing attitude of religious scholars and Islamic societies into Muslim's position. All ofthese have been influence on weakness of the role of social and scientific of women.The approach of this essay is a combination based on mentioned reasons and otherearthly ones.

During The history of each land, some turning points have been impact on foundation ofthat land. Indubitably, in ancient Iran, the religion companied by government and underinfluence of ecological conditions and common customs caused the foundation ofgovernment that substantially differs from ones in other lands. As a result of this despoticgovernment, idealistic Iran was established. Subsequently, Authors of other countriesdecided to explain the feathers of this land in their works. Safavid era regarded to be onethe most important periods of the presence of the foreign passengers in Iran. Thetravelogues of these passengers sufficiently indicate the social, political and religiousconditions of Iran during Safavid era. Meanwhile, they had effects on some eminentwriters like Voltaire and Montesquieu to picture idealistic Iran during seventeenth andeighteenth centuries in their works. This Study aims to indicate the effects of the worksof Montesquieu and Voltaire and other philosophers of eighteenth century whichconsidered to be under influence of utopia of Iran on weather theory in formation ofgovernments in Iran based on Montesquieu's approach by employing travelogues offoreign passengers like Chardin and Tavernier. And also reply to this question thatMontesquieu, based what documentations, knows Iran's despotic government originatedfrom its hot and dry climate? And in principle are these ideas exist or not?

Two political systems of prior and after Islamic Revolution have been two differentideologyand predominate political discourses. These subjects have been direct influenceon compilation of textbooks notably history ones. The example of this effect can beconsidered in presenting variant narrative of Constitutional movement, one of the mostimportant events of Iran's contemporary history, which is emerged under direct influenceof two predominate political discourses factors and also not predominate political socialdiscourses of these periods.Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of predominate political discourse onnarrative of Constitutional movement and especial feathers of each narrative regardingthe examination of history textbooks of third grade of high school in Pahlavid era andafter Islamic Revolution. Moreover, the inspection of influence of external flows andpolitical social not predominate discourses which could create the special case differsfrom predominate political discourse narrative in text books of some levels is anotherpurpose of this essay. In other words, this study endeavors to show presented narrative of constitutional movement by employing the analytical discourse approach.Considering the variety of two predominate political discourses in two periods, beforeand after Islamic Revolution, this study includes two sections: analysis of content andanalysis discourse of different narratives Constitutional movement.