نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 66، پاییز 1394)

The existence of random variables is the major reason for uncertainty in flood modeling. One of the major random variables that can affect the shape of flood hydrographs is storm pattern among others. Storm pattern include duration، depth and time distribution for any event producing its corresponding flood event. Therefore، uncertainty analysis of flood modeling depends on uncertainty analyses of those effective variables of storm pattern. RPG model is introduced and it used of Monte Carlo simulation and Bootstrap Resampling to generate rainfall pattern on Seymareh catchment. Result of this paper show that 90 percent of observed rainfall duration and 98 percent of observed rainfall pattern exit in generated RPG band.

Introduction and Many pathogens responsible for human disease have become resistant to antibiotics and therefore finding new antibacterial agents are essential. Regarding to the fact that mangrove plant (Avicennia marina) has been used in traditional herbal medicine in south of Iran, this study has been designed to identify the antibacterial effect of extract of mature leaf and young branch of the mangrove plant. The extracts of dried leaf and branch were prepared using Soxhlet extraction method and ethyl acetate and methanol were used as solvents. Then the antibacterial effects of this plant were screened by using well agar diffusion technique against few gram positive and negative bacteria, in three different volumes of 10, 20, and 30 microliter, with concentration of 100mg/ml and the diameter of inhibitory zone was measured. Also MIC and MBC of extract of leaf and branch of mangrove plant were measured. The highest inhibitory zone (28mm) with ethyl acetate extract of both branch and leaf of mangrove plant in volume of 30 µl, was in Shigella dysenteriae. Lowest MIC (0.4mg/ml), MBC (0.5mg/ml) with extracts of branch using ethyl acetate as solvent was shown for Bacillus subtilis. Results of this research has shown that extract from branch of mangrove plant using ethyl acetate as solvent has beneficial antibacterial effect against gram positive bacteria and it appears that plant structure of the branch has bigger active biological antimicrobial effect in compare to leaf.

Ecological relations between foragers and their prey in two species of waders, crab plover (Dromas ardeola) and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus), were studied in Zohre river mudflats over 9 months between summer 2004 to winter 2005. Seven line transects each with about 400 meters were detected in two sides of the river that four of which were located in the river estuary. The main food of crab plover and oystercatcher were determined via direct sighting, collection of shells scattered around nests, hunting and exploring the stomach contents Variable Circular Plot or VCP and distance to nearest neighborhood and quadrate methods were used for birds, crabs and cockles density and abundance estimation respectively. Then acquired data were analyzed by DISTANCE software. This study showed that the main food of crab plover and oystercatcher are Eurycarcinus orientalis and cockles from Cardidae family (Trachycardium and Laevicardium genuses) respectively. Crab populations are generally distributed in patches and the area between patches is taken to be devoid of prey. Foragers (Crab plover) must maximize their rate of energy intake and do not spend time and energy traveling between patches whereas tide is a time limiting factor. In this study it was found that crab plover should select the patch where they obtain the highest intake rates and its population is highly correlated with crab’s populations (= 0.875, P < 0.005). But there is no significant relationship between oystercatcher population density distributions with cockles (= 0.072, P < 0.005). The results suggest that measurement of prey availability can account for prey activity patterns.

Electrokinetic is restoration method of contaminated soils using electric field. This method is used to decontaminate of heavy metals, anions and polar organic compositions from the soil. In this study, mercury removal efficiency from the clayey soil with 2/1 weight ratio of kaolin to sand is considered using this method and then optimum removal conditions are determined. The Kaolin provides suitable conditions to evaluate the electrokinetic method efficiency due to intense absorption of pollutant and suitable simulation of the contaminated site. In this research, total mercury concentration of the soil was 800 mg/kg and tests duration was 32 days. Experiments were performed in two voltage gradients of 1.0 and 1.5 VDC/cm and employing 0.1 M Na-EDTA, 0.1 & 0.4 M KI solutions and distilled water as catholyte. The results showed that the best efficiency, 99.03%, was achieved when the 0.4 M KI solution was employed with the 1.0 VDC/cm voltage gradient. Then, the profiles of electrical current, pH of anode and cathode reservoirs and pH, water content and electrical conductivity of soil were plotted and were discussed.

The present study was carried out in order to examine the impact Cadmium on amount of iron in the blood of common carp. Sampling of common carp was carried out randomly from a fish culture pond in southeast of Babol by trawling. Firstly the fish were become compatible with the laboratory conditions during 48 hours and then have been influenced by different concentrations through one blank and 3 experimental groups of A (4.296 mg/l), B (7.127 mg/l) and C (8.656 mg/l). There were 12 aquariums, each including 12 pieces of fish. It was tried to apply an equal environmental condition for all of the aquariums during the experiment. Bleeding was done from the fish vein and heart after 48, 72 and 96 hours of anesthetizing.. Concentrations of cadmium and iron have been determined by ICP-OES after acid digestion of blood samples by Microwave. In analyzing Cadmium, the fish average weight and length (total length) were 163.6 g, 23.6 respectively In this study it has been identified that the absorption scale of Cadmium increases as the time passes and generally it showed a significant increase (p<0.05, n=3) during the time in cadmium concentrations of blood comparing the blank sample. This has no significant trend since the blood acts as a carrier and is a junction for heavy metals such as cadmium to the target organs. Furthermore, in addition to refusal of this theory that: "concentration of lead and cadmium ions by interactions with common carp blood iron has a significant impact on iron amount in blood", there has not seen any significant relation (p<0.05, n=3) between increasing of the amount of absorbed Cadmium and blood iron changes. Therefore, it could be concluded that probably no interaction between cadmium, and blood iron happens in blood circulation and the blood iron changes during the test is probably because of some physiological changes resulting from stress in fish blood.

Caspian basin is one of the six basins of the country due to the development of human activities over the past decades by land use plans cause severe changes in land cover in this basin That it can cause undesirable effects on water resources in the basin. In this paper, to evaluate the effect of land use on water resources in the form of land-cover change, First, to assess the changes in land cover in the Caspian basin, And then the pressure on water resources scoring using FANP method then in the IDRISI software maps are made and in the Arc GIS maps overlay. Finally, and by Excel software Regression and correlation between changes in land cover and land use management of water resources in the Caspian basin will be determined.Results and Discution: The results show that in the period between 2001 and 2012 Talesh sub-basin with 28.91 % and Sefidrud with 8.18 % had maximum and lowest land cover changes in the Caspian basin. Also final scoring of water resource management in the Caspian basin shown that Ara sub-basin with 0.499617 and Haraz-Ghareh Su sub-basin with 0.158627 had maximum and lowest score of water resource management in the Caspian basin. Also the results of the dependence of changes in land cover by land use management and water resources management in the Caspian subbasin shown that the dependence of R-Squared is equal to 0.645, indicating a relatively high dependence on the field.

Sulfur dioxide as one of the important gas pollutants, has an irreparable impact on plants, animals and objects; therefore this monitoring and control is important. Biological indicators as air pollutants indicators, are appropriate conductive in order to air pollution control in urban and industrial environments. Lichens are one of the bioindicators that are used in this case. Therefore, survey of efficiency and effectiveness biomonitoring of SO2 with use of lichen, Lecanora mularis, was considered. In this research, Lecanora was placed into the special bags and exposed with 40, 100 and 200 ppb SO2 for three hours. Then chlorophyll determination (chl a, chl b and chl a+b) and ratio of OD 435/415 was measured by extracting of 20 mg net weight of lichen in 10 ml DMSO. Thus, the average of chlorophyll determination (chl a, chl b) in control and exposed samples to SO2 was 94.1% and 77.3%, respectively; and there was a direct relationship between determination and pollutant's concentration, in all cases. So, in order to high sensivity of lichens to uptake the SO2, monitoring and indicating the existence and absence of sulfur dioxide in air is possible, thus this monitoring is one of the most effective and applicable approach.

128 kilometers in the city of Ahwaz and khoramshahr in southwestern khouzestan is located. Karoon River before reaching the Persian Gulf, in khoramshahr Divided two branches Bahmanshyr and Hafar. In to the importance of Hafar River Hydrology situation that fresh water and salt water are important Macrobenthic it will. In this study selected 10 stations within the study scope. Sampling, March 86 started and ended in September of 87. Samples by Grab Van Vienn (025/0 m2) in both warm and cold season and once in each season was done. To the 3 samples from each station to identify benthic sediment and one sample for Grain sediment Analysis (GSA) and Total organic materials (Tom) were harvested. Physicochemical parameters of the DO, salinity, PH and temperature were analyzed.Macrobenthic between groups identified the most abundant Insect group and sex Nereis sp.Identified Macrobenthic groups consist of Polychaete 65.19%,Gastropoda 29.65%,Bivalvia 4.97% and Insecta 0.18% respectively.In stations that the amount of material dissolved was high,macrobenthics was significantly redused.in station 1(saboonsazi factory)and residual tissues silt_clay and sand was fine to their numbers.most the benthic community in the river downstream stations were observed in the amount of organic matter in sediments of this stations is less.In general, sandy sediment and low organic matter sediment contain more were the most community.

This study touches on identification of Sea stars and Brittle stars species in coast of Chabahar Gulf in the Oman Sea, IR. during November 2008 to September 2009.Method study: The area of study was at the farthest end of south east of Iran in province of Sistan and Balouchestan. Sampling were randomly done bimonthly during low tide from 5 stations, by using 1m×1m quadrate. Then, samples were counted, identified. The results showed that 7 species of echinodermata including: Aquilonastra burtonii, Astropecten phragmorus, Astropecten hemprichi, Macrophiothrix elongate, Macrophiothrix cheneyi from 2classes Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea and from 3orders Spinulosa, Paxillosida, Ophiurida and 3 families Asterinidae, Astropectinidae, Ophiotrichidae.Discussion and Aquilonastra burtoniiattendancewas in all of the stationswith the exception of station 5. Astropecten phragmorus was found in stations 2 and 4 and Astropecten hemprichi in stations 4 and 5. Macrophiothrix cheneyiand Macrophiothrix elongata were seenin stations 2, 3 and 4.

Introdouction: In this study we investigated morphological structure of cyprinid fish, kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901) in Caspian Sea using truss network system. Samples were collected from two main fishing areas of this species in the western (Bandare-Astara) and the eastern (Bandare-Kiyashahr) shore of Guilan province. Truss distance as well as eye diameter, interorbital, total length, fork length width of 23 samples were measured. Univariate analysis (One-way ANOVA) of 14 characteristics among the samples showed significant differences with varying degrees that showed relatively high phenotypic diversity in the kutum, (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii, 1901). In principle, any measured distances between landmarks of a form may serve as characters for morphometric analyses. We described methodologicaly a geometric protocol for a cyprinid fish species morphological character measurments, the truss network system which enforces systematic coverage of the form and which exhaustively and redundantly archives the landmark configuration.

In Zanjan city, no research has been conducted for selection of a suitable site for sanitary disposal of solid waste. At the moment, a traditional landfill site is used for solid wastes disposal in the vicinity of the city. The site has high potential to pollute the environment due to the open air practice of waste disposal. Hence, it is urgent to select a site for this purpose from amongst the proposed ones. Unsuitable landfill sites may have many negative impacts. Using environmental impact assessment can highly help mitigate the negative effects and arrive at a sound environmental management plan.RIAM is an approach that guarantees a sound and at the same time fast and clear evaluation of the main environmental impacts of development projects. This approach has many advantages and some disadvantages, and of the latter the subjectivity has been targeted in this research.We used the RIAM that was upgraded with the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to lower the subjectivity implicit in the scoring of the impacts and introduce more objectivity to the process.Method of study: We used suggested landfill sites in Zanjan City and assessed their environmental impacts through integration of AHP and RIAM methods. Comparing the effects of each of these landfills on the environment helped us in selecting the least impacting one. In the process, we integrated the RIAM with the AHP and found the present landfill site still holds some edge over other suggested sites. The possibility of improving the original RIAM method with the AHP was also shown to be applicable and promising.Discussion and This study shows that RIAM method can be upgraded through integration with the AHP method. The integration transformed challenging ideas on the scoring of the impacts and provided an opportunity for inclusion of expert opinion and greatly enhanced achievement of a unified impact score.

Ferns and their species are mostly found in wetting zones, for this reason the forests located at the northern side of Iran are considered as a suitable provenance for their growing up. Some studies have been conducted on Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Iran, but no comprehensive research has yet been done in the field of environmental factors effective on their dispersion. This research aims to study the environmental factors effective on dispersion of this specie of Pteridium Aquilinum (L.)Kuhn in different heights of Hirkani Forests. The present research has been done in the northwest side of Golestan National Park. Some plots containing Pteridium Aquilinum (L.) Kuhn have randomly been selected in various heights of the area under studying, and then the soil and other available plant species were sampled on field and random basis. After registration of the available data, the soil of the center of the sample plot was sampled with a depth of 30 cm. Then the correlation between environmental variables and flora was specified using Principal Components Analysis (P.C.A) and the treatments were compared by Multiple Range Duncan - Tukey Analysis in SPPS environment. The flora was classified using (TWINSPAN) analysis and consequently two ecologic groups were categorized. Some key species were introduced in each group and the result of (TWINSPAN) analysis is matrix 62 species and 18 plots measuring 100 Sqm. (P.C.A) results show that groups have properly been separated based on soil fertility and dispersion of ecologic groups in the area under studying are influenced by chemical properties or fertility conditions of the provenance.

Aimes and This study introduces the parameters and methods of the construction of open joy lands in Yazd Province. During the present project، for the identification of the climatic factors and their impact on the people in open places، the basic pattern of the project was constructed and the effect and decrease of these climatic factors was noted. The data of the functioning of open joy lands and their relation with the green areas was estimated according to the viewpoints of the Yazdian citizens. The results have shown that the covered joy lands have a great impact on the climatic changes and the people and the presence of water in such areas is of great interest for the people (40% of the views). The areas of interest of the people were abundance of water، shady trees، and sloppy regions of the northern mountains. The other thing of interest for the yazdian citizens was the presence of classical pathways covered with stone tiles or bricks، connected with the green land area (for the least absorption of sun rays). Another parameter was the miniaturization or creation of a natural climate via the growth of different plants to minimize the sun rays absorption. The present results show that open joy lands should be constructed in such a way that they should have green areas and artificial sloppy regions، like those of northern areas، with different kinds of shady trees using different techniques of sowing to create a miniaturized climate.

Introductionand Most of paper and cardboard industries regardless of the exorbitant costs use incineration and disposal methods for their waste production. Hazardous substances contained in these wastes can contaminate the environment and cause a risk for the human health. Many recent studies show that some of the paper and cardboard industry wastes can be used as raw material in the construction industry. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal percent mixing of cardboard waste in production of non-load bearing concrete. In this study, two kinds of recycled paperboard mill wastes (type 1: waste contains cardboard and sand and type 2: waste containing nylon, cardboard and Yonolit) that have the most volume of the wastes were used. Physical and microbial characteristic of wastes were measured according to ASTM. As well as the chemical composition of the waste consists of various elements were measured by using an electron microscope. After preparation of the samples, the required tests were carried out to determine the optimal mixture of waste in concrete at the ages of 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. Since the pH of fresh concrete containing waste is greater than 12, can be sure that there will not be any microbiological problem. In general, the use of waste in concrete production reduces the compressive strength of the samples. Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containing waste type 1 and concrete samples containing both waste types shows that reducing the amount of waste type 2 in compare with waste type 1 improves concrete strength. The results of dry density test show the density decrease of concrete samples containing waste by increasing the percentage of waste replacing in the sand. Also using of waste type 2 causes lighter concrete samples in compare with using waste type 1. Optimal amounts of waste replacement instead of sand for samples containing waste type 1 and type 2, 70% and 75%, respectively, as well as for samples containing both waste types, 49% of waste type 1 and 21% waste type 2. According to the results, in terms of economic and environmental benefits, the use of waste type 1 in the production of concrete for the lower use of cement is more satisfactory. The use of paperboard mill wastes in the production of concrete due to environmental and economical efficiency (profitability and employment, reducing the cost of transferring waste to landfills, reducing structural weight, using waste instead of buying sand and reduce the environmental pollution caused by incineration and landfilling) is noticable.