International Journal of Pediatrics
Volume:3 Issue: 23, Nov 2015

Enuresis is the second most common disorder among children after allergic disorders. According to the results of previous studies, different estimates of enuresis prevalence and its related factors have been reported. Combining the results of these studies is valuable. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of enuresis and its related factors among Iranian children. Relevant articles published during 2000 to 15 May 2015 were identified by a comprehensive search within national and international databanks. Having applied inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment, eligible papers were selected. In addition, references of the articles were reviewed to enhance the search strategy. Standard error of the prevalence in each study was calculated using binomial distribution. Random effects model was used to combine the results. All data analyses were performed using STATA SE V.11 software. We entered 15 eligible articles into the systematic review/meta-analysis recruited 20832 Iranian children. Prevalence (95% CI) of enuresis among all children, boys and girls were estimated as of 11.01% (9.2-12.8), 13.9%(11.2-16.7) and 8.4%(6.3-10.6) respectively. Enuresis was more common among children with positive familial history, those with deep sleep, high water consumption, sniffing, low educated and low income parents, mouth breathing, urinary tract infection and children with history of corporal punishment. Our study showed that a considerable proportion of Iranian children are suffering from enuresis and male gender is a predictive factor for this disorder.

Neck masses include a wide variety of diagnostic possibilities, with more than 60 etiologies that depend on clinical aspects such as age, location and time of disease progression. The interview and physical examination guide research that cross the neck masses in pediatric patients in 3 groups: infectious / inflammatory, and neoplastic embryonic remnants. The aim of this study was to present a protocol for evaluation of neck masses in the pediatric age group, based on a review of literature on the subject and experience of this service. Survey of literature data from PubMed / Medline, Google Scholar and Scopus Database without language restriction, since 1980 sources, with the MeSH term "Pediatric neck mass". Prepared flowchart guidelines to be followed according with diagnostic suspicions. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the initial clinical manifestations and according to etiological hypotheses formulated recommend evaluations protocols. The standardization of the evaluation of neck masses in children proves valuable and can help in the differential diagnosis of different etiologies involved.

Conduct of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) due to the higher volume of priming solution in comparison to the total blood volume in children requires careful consideration. Recently attention has been focused on the potential risk of hyperkalemia in these patients. Given its significant effects on cardiac rhythm, hyperkalemia is considered a medical emergency. In this cross-sectional study we aimed to determine the changes in K+ and other electrolytes following CPB in a pediatric cardiac surgery setting. Sixty children scheduled for pediatric cardiac surgery weighing more than 5 kilograms with Hct level above 30% were enrolled. The prime solution used was Ringer-lactate. Venous blood were collected at defined time points: before, during and after CPB and at discharge. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean age of the studied patients was 3.69±2.77 years. A rise in potassium levels during surgery was recorded. Also a significant difference in the potassium levels before surgery and at discharge were observed (p=0.007). A significant drop and a subsequent rise in the Hct level was seen overtime whereas a significant decrease in the PH and bicarbonate levels were detected. 31 experienced cardiac arrhythmia after undergoing CPB. A K+-free crystalloid that will offset the K+ load of stored blood is highly anticipated in these patients

Satisfaction is the result of a process; to assess satisfaction, the care recipients’ experiences of the services received should be understood and efforts should be made to understand how these experiences have formed that satisfaction.The purpose was to understand the processes of satisfaction with nursing care in parents of hospitalized children. The present grounded theory study was conducted on 25 participants selected through theoretical sampling and examined using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews where promptly transcribed after they each ended. The data obtained were analyzed concurrently with their collection based on Strauss and Corbin’s method of data analysis (1998) in three steps: open, axial and selective coding. The main concern of the parents in the process of satisfaction with nursing care was the “influence of insecurity”. The parents were put in an unstable context of care, upon which they resorted to the “prudent gaining of certainty” strategy. In this process, intrapersonal and extra personal triggers acted as facilitators and personal weaknesses as inhibitors, and “fluctuating trust” was the result of the process. Gaining certainty plays an important role in the formation of satisfaction with nursing care, and the particular characteristics of the context of care have a crucial effect on the intensity or weakness of the developed trust; eventually, the developed certainty results in trust in the received care, which further emphasizes the importance of nurse's efforts for facilitating an ascertaining care.

Zinc is a vital micronutrient in humans and its deficiency in children can thwart their growth and development, compromise their immunity and cognitive function. However, there is a paucity of studies about the effect of zinc supplementation on cognitive functions. This study is an attempt to quantify the impact of zinc supplementation on cognitive performance of schoolchildren. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial was carried out in public elementary school in Mashhad- Iran to investigate the effect of Zinc on cognition of 45 healthy children. The cognitive test used in the trial was Raven IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test. A total of 45 first grade children aged 6 to 8 years were enrolled and divided into two experiment and control groups. The cases group, received 20 mg of zinc sulfate syrup vs. the control group received a placebo each day for 6 months. Raven IQ test was administered under basal conditions before and after the supplementation of zinc or placebo. The memory and intellectual development in the experimental group was significantly more than in the control group (P < 0.05). The results of the study demonstrate the positive relationship between zinc administration and some aspects of intellectual development and personality features, emphasizing the significance of this element in the normal psychological status of children.

Allergic rhinitis, like other allergic diseases, is one of the most common disorders during childhood; this study was conducted to assess and compare the prevalence and severity of allergic rhinitis in children and adolescents living in Kurdistan province. The study was aimed to provide a ground for the identification of likely causes and risk factors of this disorder. This study was a cross-sectional study. In order to collect data, 4,000 questionnaires were distributed to elementary schools and junior high schools and 3,890 questionnaires were completed; as a result, the survey response rate was 97%. The study was carried out based on International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): ISAAC questionnaire. After entering the data into SPSS version 13, they were analyzed using logistic regression and Chi- square test. Of a total 3,890 people, 29.7% of the subjects in this study reported a history of sneezing or runny nose in the past 12 months; it was reported more in boys in the age group 13-14 years and the difference between the sexes was significant [Odds ratio(OR)=1.35, Confidence interval (CI)]: 1.09-1.67, P < 0.01). Based on physician diagnosis, 9.37% of the subjects were overtaken by allergic rhinitis and it was more prevalent in boys at both educational levels and the difference was statistically significant in subjects aged 13-14 years old (OR=1.44 CI: 1.07-1.94, P <0.05). The prevalence of the allergic rhinitis symptoms in children and adolescents living in Kurdistan province is relatively high and it is necessary to carry out extensive studies on its important risk factors.

The main aim of this study was to compare serum level of 25- hydroxyl vitamin D [25(OH) D] between women with preeclampsia and normal individuals and birth outcomes. This cross sectional study was conducted on 650 normal primigravida women in their first 24–28 weeks of pregnancy. After 3 months of follow-up, serum levels of 25(OH) D and calcium were measured in 38 preeclampsia women (case) and in 38 normal pregnant (control). In addition, APGAR scores and newborn parameters were evaluated in infants of two groups. Preeclampsia was shown in about 5.84% (38 women) of pregnancies. Comparison of 25(OH) D levels between two main groups showed no significant differences (P> 0.05). Also, the calcium level was lower in preeclampsia women than the normal women (P<0.05). The results revealed a significant correlation between neonatal two groups with regards to gestational age, birth weight, birth length, head circumference and Apgar score in the first minute of birth. Although the difference of 25(OH) D levels between preeclampsia and healthy wom­en is not significant, lower levels of serum calcium were associated with preeclampsia. Also, the newborn parameters improved in the neonates of the control group in comparison to those of the preeclampsia group. This difference might have resulted from mothers’ different health statuses.

Good nutrition is essential for survival, physical growth, mental development, performance, productivity, health and well-being across the entire life-span: from the earliest stages of fetal development, at birth, and through infancy, childhood, adolescence and on into adulthood. Poor nutrition in the first 1,000 days of children’s lives can have irreversible consequences. For millions of children, it means they are, forever, stunted. Every infant and child has the right to good nutrition according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child; so the World Health Assembly has adopted a new target of reducing the number of stunted children under the age of 5 by 40 percent by 2025. The first 2 years of a child’s life are particularly important, as optimal nutrition during this period lowers morbidity and mortality, reduces the risk of chronic disease, and fosters better development overall. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding are a critical aspect of caring for infants and young children.