فهرست مطالب

International Journal of Enteric Pathogens
Volume:3 Issue: 4, 2015 Nov

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/08/17
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • Reza Pilehchian Langroudi * Page 1
    Context: The genus Clostridium, which consists of spore-forming anaerobes, can cause different diseases in domestic animals and human and some of them are serious and fatal. According to the increasing economic value of the meat and milk-producing animals, the importance of a certain number of such diseases in Iran is unquestionable..Evidence Acquisition: In Iran, and probably in other Near East countries, much attention was formerly paid to control more serious contagious diseases, such as rinderpest, anthrax, etc. resulting in the negligence of diseases such as enterotoxaemia. The epizootiological position has now changed whereby some of the contagious diseases are eradicated or are being methodically controlled..
    Conclusions
    This review refers to the veterinary aspects of the anaerobic clostridial diseases and vaccine development concerning the works carried out in Iran and especially at the Razi Serum and Vaccine Research Institute in the last eight decades..
    Keywords: Vaccines, Veterinary Aspects, Isolation, Specification, Clostridium spp
  • Giuseppe Caramia, Stefania Silvi, Maria Cristina Verdenelli, Maria Magdalena Coman * Page 2
    Context: Since ancient times diarrhoea has been a highly fatal disease and even today diarrhoea, the topic of this review, is a problem affecting millions of people around the world despite the efforts of governments and professionals from the medical area. Worldwide the most common cause of children’s death is diarrhoea..Evidence Acquisition: Diarrhoea disorders generally appear with watery stools, sometimes mixed with blood, accompanied by abdominal pain, vomiting and fever. The symptoms depend on the content and distribution of body fluid, daily water requirements and physiological water loss in connection with age through sweating, urination and breathing, the degree of fluid and electrolyte loss in the liquid stool..
    Results
    Several effective interventions have been introduced as part of diarrhoea management in the last two decades such as oral rehydration solution, zinc supplementation, vitamin A supplementation and oral administration of antibiotics and vaccines. To reduce the mortality rate, control of safe drinking water, good sanitation and vaccination against typhoid and cholera are recommended, especially in high-risk populations. Probiotics have been proposed, after more than a half of century, as additional therapy in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Several probiotic strains showed benefit in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials..
    Conclusions
    Due to the high level of evidence available, the term “oral bacteriotherapy”, used for decades in the prevention and therapy of gastroenteritis in the growing age and adults, has expanded, but probiotics are acquiring significant scientific value based on the results from human trials. The future of probiotics depends on further explanation/elucidation of basic mechanisms, allowing scientists and physicians to maximize their health benefits..
    Keywords: Probiotics, Diarrhoea, Oral Rehydration, Alternative Therapy
  • Shadi Aghamohammad, Mehrdad Gholami, Hossein Dabiri *, Ghazal Rahimzadeh, Negar Souod, Hossein Goudarzi, Soheil Sardari, Alireza Mohammadzadeh Page 3
    Background
    Foodborne diseases are widespread and growing public health problem in developed and developing countries. There are many microorganisms act as etiological agents for foodborne diseases such as Campylobacter spp., Listeria, Staphylococcos, Salmonella, Bacillus, Yersinia spp. High prevalence of gastrointestinal illness, including fatal cases attributable to yersiniosis, is also observed in many developing countries..
    Objectives
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica and other Yersinia species in meat and chicken samples in various seasons and to determine their antibiotic resistance profile..
    Materials And Methods
    To investigate the prevalence of Yersinia spp., a total of 450 samples, including chicken (n = 226) and beef meat (n = 224) were collected from supermarkets in Tehran. All samples were transported on ice to the laboratory and microbiological analysis was carried out within 2 hours after the collection. Susceptibility testing of bacterial strains was according to CLSI guideline at 28˚C by the disk diffusion assay..
    Results
    From a total of 450 samples, (226 chickens and 224 beef meats), 70 (15.5%) samples were positive for Yersinia spp. Of these isolates, (80%) 56 species were identified as Y. enterocolitica, 8 (11%) as Y. frederiksenii, 5 (7%) as Y. intermedia and 1 (1.4%) as Y. kristensenii. The highest rate of resistance was seen against cephalotin (98%), and ampicillin (52%). However, gentamicin and chloramphenicol were the most active antibiotics against the target cultures. Considering the season of isolation, Yersinia spp. were frequently isolated in autumn (52%), followed by spring (29%)..
    Conclusions
    Y. enterocolitica was the most spp. distributed among other species. Many factors, such as isolation assay, season, and geographical location play critical role in reports of increase or decrease in the prevalence of the Yersinia spp. all over the world. Our findings demonstrate that the isolation ratio of Y. enterocolitica and other species is higher in colder regions. Most of the isolates were resistant to first generation cephalosporins (cephalothin). The most active antimicrobial agents were choloramphenicol, aminoglycozide and sulfunamdes. Regarding to the high sensitivity of Yersinia spp. to gentamicin and chloramphenicol, these antibiotics would be the choice for the treatment of Yersinia infections..
    Keywords: Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Chickens, Beef Meat, Iran, Yersinia
  • Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal, Samaneh Motalebi, Hosein Masoomi Asl, Abbas Rahimi Forushani, Enayatollah Kalantar * Page 4
    Background
    In many countries, Salmonella and Shigella species are frequently found to cause gastroenteritis outbreaks..
    Objectives
    We describe nationwide data on infections with Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. in Iran..
    Materials And Methods
    During a two-year period (2012 to 2013), rectal-swab samples were analyzed for the presence of bacteria. Sensitivity of the bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents was tested according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines..
    Results
    Twenty-nine states reported 249 outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In total, 1055 patients (604 males and 451 females, age range: < 1 and > 60 years) were enrolled in this study, of whom 18 died. Seventy-four culture-confirmed cases of infection with Salmonella spp. were identified, of which 10.8%, 6.8%, 68.9%, and 13.5% corresponded to Salmonella serotype A, B, C, or D respectively. Similarly, Shigella spp. were responsible for 118 cases of the foodborne illnesses; among them, Shigella sonnei (with 105 cases, 89%) was the leading serovar. Ciprofloxacin (100%) was the most effective antibacterial agent against Salmonella spp. followed by amikacin. Nalidixic acid and gentamycin were the least effective antibacterial agents against Salmonella spp. Similarly, Shigella spp. were also highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin (100%), whereas tetracycline and ampicillin were the least effective antibacterial agents against Shigella spp..
    Conclusions
    These are the first recognized and confirmed outbreaks of foodborne illnesses in Iran. Salmonella and Shigella infections represent a considerable disease burden in our country. Therefore, efforts to reduce transmission of these pathogens via food and other routes must be implemented on a national scale. It is noteworthy that the outbreaks of Shigella and Salmonella infections in our country also pose a threat of antibiotic resistance..
    Keywords: Outbreak, Antibiotic Resistance, Shigella, Salmonella
  • Meysam Sarshar, Nader Shahrokhi *, Reza Ranjbar, Caterina Mammina Page 5
    Background
    Traditional laboratory methods to detect pathogenic bacteria are time consuming and laborious. Therefore, it is essential to use powerful and reliable molecular methods for quick and simultaneous detection of microbial pathogens..
    Objectives
    The current study aimed to evaluate the capability and efficiency of 23S rDNA sequence for rapid and simultaneous detection of four important food-borne pathogens by an oligonucleotide microarray technique..
    Materials And Methods
    The 23S rDNA sequences of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus were obtained from GenBank databases and used to design the oligonucleotide probes and primers by Vector NTI software. Oligonucleotide probes were placed on a nylon membrane and hybridization was performed between probes and 23S rDNA digoxigenin-labeled polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. Hybridization signals were visualized by NBT/BCIP color development..
    Results
    Positive hybridization color was produced for Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. The oligonucleotide microarray detected all bacterial strains in a single reaction in less than five hours. The sensitivity of the performed microarray assay was 103 cfu/mL for each species of pathogen. No cross reaction was found between the tested bacterial species..
    Conclusions
    The obtained results indicated that amplification of 23S rDNA gene followed by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization is a rapid and reliable method to identify and discriminate foodborne pathogens tested under the study..
    Keywords: Oligonucleotide Microarray, Pathogenic Bacteria, Hybridization, 23S rDNA
  • Amin Sakhaei, Mohammad Savari, Leili Shokoohizadeh, Maryam Hadian, Alireza Ekrami * Page 6
    Background
    High incidences of dysentery and diarrhea were reported in a pediatric hospital in Ahvaz, Iran during March to April, 2013..
    Objectives
    A cross-sectional study was therefore undertaken to identify the causative agents..Patients and
    Methods
    A total of 230 diarrhea samples were collected from the patients and analyzed by routine bacteriological methods. Bacterial identification, serological assay, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) screening and plasmid profile analysis were performed according to the standard guidelines..
    Results
    A total of 70 Shigella strains including %70 (n = 49) S. sonnei and 30% (n = 21) S. flexneri were isolated from diarrhea samples. Most of the Shigella isolates showed high degrees of resistance to ampicillin, ulafamethoxazole- trimethoprime and cefexim. Concurrent resistance to sulafametoxazole- trimethoprime and ampicillin was the most common resistance pattern. Overall, 11.4% of Shigella isolates showed the ESBL producer criteria. The plasmid profile patterns of all the strains were determined by a modified alkaline lysis method. By plasmid profile analysis 23 genotypes were identified among all the isolates, 14 and 9 genotypes among the S. sonnei and S. flexneri respectively. S. sonnei and S. flexneri isolates demonstrated unique plasmid profiles..
    Conclusions
    These data demonstrated that S. sonnei strains are the main cause of shigellosis as the prevalent Shigella serotype in Iran. We also found that the antibiotic resistance rates are increasing among Shigella strains. Plasmid profile analysis is more reliable than antibiotic susceptibility patterns in epidemiologic studies..
    Keywords: Dysentery, Shigellosis, Extended Spectrum ?, Lactamase (ESBL)
  • Yosef Khani, Abolfazl Mollajan *, Farhad Rahimi Page 7
    Background
    Brucellosis is one of the most common diseases among humans and livestock. Using contaminated and unpasteurized dairy products, having contact with infected livestock and, in general, inappropriate dietary patterns, as well as lack of hygiene, can be noted as the most common modes of transmission for such a disease..
    Objectives
    Since the establishment of Alborz province in Iran and, accordingly, Alborz university of medical sciences, Karaj, Iran, there has been no study on the epidemiological situation of the disease. Therefore, the present study examines the epidemiology of Brucellosis at Karaj Health center No. 2, Karaj, Iran, during 2011 - 2012..Patients and
    Methods
    This research was a cross-sectional descriptive study, on patients with Brucellosis, during 2011 - 2012, in the area covered by Karaj health center No. 2, Karaj, Iran. The data about all suspected cases, collected from polyclinic, laboratories and health centers, and confirmed by Wright, combs Wright and 2ME tests were reviewed. After recording the demographic data and laboratory results, they were entered into STATA 11 software and analyzed..
    Results
    The number of patients reported in this study was 67. The incidence of the disease during 2011 - 2012 was, respectively, 3.75 and 4.6 per hundred thousand and the average incidence of the disease was 4.2 per hundred thousand. The highest rate of infection, in terms of occupation, was found among ranchers (40.29%). In 100% of the cases, there was a history of consumption of cottage cheese, fresh cow milk or other unpasteurized dairy products. Considering the incidence season, most cases of the disease (38.80%) had occurred in the spring. In terms of gender, 56.71% were male and 43.28% of patients were female. As well, in terms of age, more 50% of the patients were in the age groups of 31 - 40 and 41 - 50 years old..
    Conclusions
    Given the occurrence of more cases of the disease among individuals with risk factors, such as consumers of unpasteurized dairy products, as well as ranchers, it seems that healthcare education, isolation of the places where animals are kept from humans, livestock vaccination, and, particularly, improvement of dietary patterns are effective in reducing the incidence of the disease..
    Keywords: Brucellosis, Dairy Products, Pasteurization, Food Patterns
  • Horieh Saderi *, Sare Sadat Hosseini, Seyedeh Marzieh Moosavi, Roxana Sahebnasagh, Shahram Boroumandii Page 8
    Background
    Enterococci are one of the most common nosocomial pathogens and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains has been increasing..
    Objectives
    We studied the antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci isolated from different clinical specimens of patients in Tehran..
    Materials And Methods
    From the beginning of April 2013 to the end of June 2013, a total of 146 enterococci were isolated from the Pars General Hospital in Tehran. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates against ampicillin, clindamaycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and vancomycin was determined using the disk diffusion method according to the guidelines of clinical laboratory standards institute (CLSI)..
    Results
    The rates of resistance were high to clindamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin (97.2%, 89%, and 74.5%, respectively); moderate to ciprofloxacilin and levofloxacilin (40.6% and 36.4%, respectively); and low to ampicillin and nitrofurantoin (13.8% and 3.5%, respectively). All isolates were linezolid sensitive. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) accounted for 9.6% of the isolates..
    Conclusions
    VRE and a high rate of resistance to some of antimicrobial agents were found among the enterococci isolated from patients in Tehran. These findings highlight the importance of regular supervision of antimicrobial susceptibilities..
    Keywords: Enterococci, Susceptibility, Urinary Tract Infection
  • D.L. Nushka L. Ubhayawardana, Manjula M. Weerasekera, Deepaka D. Weerasekera, T.D. Chinthika P. Gunasekera, S.S. Neluka Fernando * Page 9
    Background
    Infection with Helicobacter pylori is considered as a major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. More than half of the world’s population is infected with H. pylori. In Sri Lanka various groups have reported a prevalence ranging from 3% to 70% over the last decade..
    Objectives
    The aim of this study was to determine the current proportion of H. pylori and risk factors for H. pylori infections..Patients and
    Methods
    The study was a cross sectional, descriptive study in which 100 dyspeptic patients who were required to undergo endoscopy examination were included. The study was carried out at a Teaching Hospital in Sri Lanka. In-house urease test and PCR amplification of the glmM gene of H. pylori was performed to diagnose H. pylori infection. A questionnaire was filled to collect socio-demographic data from the dyspeptic patients..
    Results
    Eighteen dyspeptic patients were positive for H. pylori by both in-house CLO (Campylobacter-like organism test) test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ten of cases were male (18%) while eight were female (17%). There was no association between the demographic factors and risk of H. pylori infection..
    Conclusions
    The proportion of H. pylori infections was found to be 18% in the study population. There was no significant association with H. pylori and the studied demographic factors..
    Keywords: Helicobacter, Dyspepsia, Risk Factors, PCR
  • Majid Akbari, Bita Bakhshi *, Shahin Najar Peerayeh, Mehrdad Behmanesh Page 10
    Background
    Enterobacter cloacae bacteremia infection is an significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both developing and developed countries. Curli fibrils are considered the most important virulence factor in these bacteria..
    Objectives
    The purpose of this research was to detect curli biogenesis genes among Enterobacter cloacae isolated from blood cultures..
    Materials And Methods
    Nine E. cloacae isolates were collected from blood cultures of inpatients admitted to three hospitals in the Tehran, Iran during December 2012 to November 2013. Confirmation of identity of the infecting organism as E. cloacae was performed by API20E system and the presence of a csgA and csgD genes by PCR using csgA and csgD specific primers..
    Results
    All of E. cloacae bloodstream strains (100%) harbored csgD gene (curli biogenesis activator) and seven (77.75%) carried csgA gene (curli major subunit) which is indicative of wide distribution of this virulence factor among our isolates..
    Conclusions
    Extensive presence of curli biogenesis genes (csgD and csgA) among E.cloacae strains and probably expression of those crucial role of this virulence factor in E. cloacae pathogenesis and invasiveness..
    Keywords: Enterobacter cloacae, Bacteremia, Bacterial Fimbriae