فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 35، پاییز 1394)

One of the most important theoretical concepts in international relations is the concept of ‘state’، in relation to which all of the theories and discourses reflect their viewpoints. However، sometimes there are said to be falls in state-nations. Islamic- Jurisprudential discourse and critical western discourse، admitting the role of state as a key element in international relations and respecting the independence and sovereignty of states in their teachings، do not limit their analysis to this level since some of their discussions move well beyond the concept and they question the pivotal role of government in their theorizations. This study is an attempt to discuss the nature of the criticism required in both Western and Islamic critical discourses as well as their alternatives. The main question here is what effects have the natures of the government''s criticisms in both discourses had on the alternatives proposed by each? And the tentative answer expressed as a hypotheses is that besides ontological differences، the criticism of the government in terms of its inefficiency in relation to the universal human nature has led these discourses to alleviate the problems in proposing their alternatives and find human excellence in benefiting their talents and instincts.

Jewish identity of Israel، one of the major problems in assessing the status of sociology، social policy and political structure. The mainstream Zionist discourse، suggests that the distinction is one of the essential components of Jewish identit. This has led to direct and control the political behavior of the inhabitants of the political structure in order to facilitate the continuation and preservation of Zionism. This paper aims to answer the question on the minds of Jewish Israeli identity distinctions how it is constructed and reproduced? This study will show that the dominant class of Zionism، the capital symbolic distinctions of Jewish identity in the mental space to maintain the strategy، the reproduction is made​​.

Social forces are extracted from a number of differences called «cleavage» which can be found in deep layer of a society. The importance of social forces from one side and the importance of experience of the era of Imam Ali (A) ''s ruling in Islamic thoughts from another side، is the main cause of writing this article. The main question is: What are the social forces that played effective roles in establishing Imam Ali (A) ''s government. In this article، moreover trying to study the kind of cleavages in era that Imam Ali (A) ''s government was stablished and expressing the kind of relations between this cleavage (Reinforcing، Crosscutting or Parallel)، we have determine one cleavage as a base and activity of these cleavages in three layers: Social، consciousness، and political. Also، we have expressed arrangement of cleavages that cause social forces and effect of these social forces in society. Eight effective social forces in stablishment of Imam Ali (A) ''s government are: Egyptian، Kofis، Basries، Immigrants and Ansar، Nakisin (Positional currents)، Shia believers، Banu Hashim and Gharaa class (Ideological currents). It is important to mention that all of this social forces can be known in a behavioral currents.

This Article Reviews the Ancient Symbolic World، Shia Islam and Modernity، Believes that in Iranians Mind are Historical Link between Ancient Symbolic World and Shiea Islam and Since the Late Nineteenth Century with the Modernization for Exampel Civilization Establish، Constitutional Movement and Palavi Government، Gap Created in Iranians Mind. Dispite this Gap، Iranians Mind have Symbolic Characteristics and are not Yet Able to Understand Modernity Symbolic World.

With the beginning of a new era of constitutional dimensions of Iran ''s social and political environment changes، the formation of social and political forces in Iran have been change. Arrival and spread of Western culture as a challenge to the intellectual tradition - Political manifested Iranian Muslims. ''s among the jurists and religious forces that seek to explain the progressive principles of Islam and its flexibility in dealing with new issues. In this research tradition، the tradition of religious innovation - remember the political will. Reza Shah is tyranny. understanding the formation of religious modernity - political Besides the first issue of this research.

Among the prominent features of national security in today،sworld، is dimension change and its nature، taking place dramatically and with high speed. in this respect and in comparison to other areas، what is taken place in regard to information technology is more important. having security in virtual space is an important subject that is recently taken into account in strategic studies..

Following the collapse of USSR،the USA،as a key player of the Middle East region، claimed the leader -ship of the world unipolar system and، during the last two decades has attempted to restructure the region. To this end،the US has tried to put into practice a plan under the name the New Middle East،inorder to maintain its presence and dominance over this strategic region with the aim of securing and conrolling energy sources،containing Islamic revival and awakening and assuring the security and superiority of Israeli regime in the region. To carry out the plan، the US started out from Iraq، and،upon the downfall of Saddam in2003،intended to bring about a new order on the basis of Western style and interests and restructure the region in the context of the plan. But، after 9 years of American presence in Iraq، the Iraqi Shiite، on the top of Islamist groups، against American desire and will، controlled the power and، as a result، the US، not only failed to implements its plan، but also، by the end the year 2012، was forced to withdraw its forces from Iraq. The main question of this article is that what was the role Iraqi Shiite groups in deafting American new middle East plan? Our hypothesis is that the Iraqi Shiite groups، thought playing a positive and constructive role، coordination and applying the element of Marjaeyyat، that is، following the line of supreme Shiite religio-political leader)، that had played the key role in the entire phases، succeeded in rising to power and nullifying American plan for New Middle East. In this work، we will refer to library sources، conduct field studies and interview with key Iraqi Shiite groups personalities'' and experts، employ personal experiences and observation to establish our hypothesis.

In this study، the author has create the concept “Globecomization” instead of “Globalization” and by posing the question “how will Power continue to manage individual and society in the changing world?”، tried to formulate the concept of “Bioculture” as a conceptual couple for “Biopolitics”. The author has defined Bioculture as a new style of governance through an alloy-like composition of “Power، Technology and Psyche”. He has argued that along with the evolution of technology and its full-scale historical development in the coming decades، governing the man and his wishes will be more through the integration of technology and complex psychological strategies and techniques as “Psychotechnology” than through hard bureaucratic institutions. The author has also redefined “The Political” as “power with a technological nature and psychical-oriented” and mentioned the importance of psycho elements such as anxiety، excitement، desire، emotion، feeling، sensitivity، imagination، fantasy، memory، hysteria and violence in the new era of Bioculture. Finally، the author has proposed and then justified the need to move towards a “Psycho Turn in the field of politics” and creation of a “Psychoanalitic Political Sociology”.

Occurance of social movements in Egypt and other countries in Middle East and North Africa and their demonstrative impacts lead to attentions of analysts. In this article by different approach، the authors try to explain the chractristics and the nature of late social movement in Egypt and breakdown of Mubarak government in the framework of late theories of social movement and John Fouran theory. In the two theoric approaches، the important charactristics of this social movement consist of: serious dependency and using of internet and social networks، spontaneous mobilization of youth and urban masses، be ubiquitness and integration of intellectuals and social bodies or masses. Dependent development and its negative cultural، social and political impacts and exceptional capacitities of internet and social networks such as Facebook and Twiter lead to spontaneous mobilization of youth and discontent urban masses and late attendance and surprising of leaders to ubiquitness and spontanousness in this social movement.

Social capital (SC) is important as much as physical capital and theorists discussed its functions in enhancement of countries. Successfulness in international fields is far behind reach without due attention to capacity of countries. These capacities are known as competitiveness capacity (CC) in political literature. 12 indexes have been recognized for the CC which covers different dimensions of countries’ capabilities. Due to، extend of the CC issue، this research only focuses on four main indexes of CC، then studies the impacts of SC and these indexes on CC. Existence of meaningful relation between SC and international CC indexes is the main question of the research. Data gathering and literature studies have lead to a model-making and the structure of the research. Research method is based on quantitative approach with applying T test and hypothesis test via SPSS. Result of the research illustrates that there is meaningful relation between SC and international CC indexes.

This paper argues for a broader emphasis on sustainable security and smart power، and for examining both opportunities as well as threats to security. Sustainable security is a new concept in the security studies. Deep attention to all possible threats against human life is necessary for continuation of security in a sustainable and dynamic base. This aim can be achieved in a highest level by merging the negative and positive discourses of security. In the negative discourse security is required having hard power and force to encounter with deferent kinds of threat. In other words، the authority of a security system depends on it’s ability to confronting with hard threats. In the other hand according to positive discourse، soft power is necessary for eliminating the internal defects and encouraging the system’s values. The main question of this research is: what is the connection between smart power and sustainable security? Accordingly، our hypothesis is: there is a direct connection between smart power and sustainability of security. In fact to attain the sustainable security، soft power and hard power should be merged and create the smart power. This research recommends emphatically that systematic and network attitude، theoretically and practically، is necessary for designing and putting into effect the sustainable security. In this way we are going to use fuzzy logic and systematic attitude in a new approach called fuzzy-systematic. The results of this research are also confirming this point that using the fuzzy systems can enhance the possibility of gaining the sustainable security through smart power. The information of this article gathered by using the library and internet sources and we analyzed our data through descriptive-analytic method.

since the end of the Cold War،، a fierce debate has been taking place both in the academic and in the political world about the problems of traditional concepts and theories of international relations and foreign policy in this respect we can identify three distinct phases of complexity’s emergence into the field of international politics. The first phase of complexity and international politics is about explaining change، the second phase is about foreign policy and complexity and the third phase is related to applying complexity to foreign policymaking processes. Complexity of international system، while in foreign policy area has caused inefficiency of traditional concepts، has faced it with new concepts and also systemic logic of foreign policy led to necessity of considering of cybernetic system’s concepts. By attention to inefficiency of current literatures in this area، this research has raised this question that what kind of systemic logic is sovereign on foreign policy in complexity situation and chaotic system. And in cybernetic dynamic systems how agenda of foreign policy will be arranged? Author believes that international systems in period of complexity and chaotic have adaptive feature and in this respect designing of adaption، equilibrium and stability region and designing of system are important. Foreign policy agenda should be drawn based on these realities.

Events of the Second World War has always been of interest to researchers.Many believe that Iran''s foreign policy in this period has failed to adopt appropriate policy for the benefit of the country.Some researchers believe that Iran''s foreign policy is completely independent on the interests of Iran.Some researchers believe that Iran''s foreign policy has been to secure national interests.But this article makes hypothesize that Iran''s foreign policy in this period was not totally passive and did not fully independent.

Unbalanced Multilateralism should be considered as a part of the West World’s strategic policy to confine Iran’s economic and international capabilities. Indications of unbalanced multilateralism in Iran’s economic sanction policymaking are focused on executive mechanisms and America and EU’s legislative bodies. Although America and EU have relatively identical strategic objectives toward Islamic Republic of Iran، Iran’s economic sanction pattern has an unbalanced nature. The most severe sanctions were in 2011، which were called “crippling sanctions”. The crippling sanctions mainly targeted financial system of Islamic Republic of Iran and imposed various restrictions on Iran’s economic structure. Restrictions on selling oil to other countries and the ones on receiving financial sources caused by economic transactions should be considered as indications of Iran’s economic sanction. Trends to reduce Iran’s economic sanctions have started since 24 November 2013 and they are subject to the measures that control strategic، technical and industrial capabilities of Iran within nuclear field. Although some sanctions were reduced within this period، restricting trends of Iran’s capabilities in the unbalanced multilateralism atmosphere of the great powers have been continued. The process of imposing restriction and reducing reduction of some sanctions in a phased manner show that America، EU and Russia have taken advantage of unbalanced multilateralism strategy toward Iran.