فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیایی برنامه ریزی شهری
سال دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1393)

1. From late 1340 onwards due to the huge investments in Tehran and give the main responsibilities in creation of national revenue and manufacturing and because of Public services many migrations took place across the country to the city and the more the city was faced with the problem of unwanted. Surrounding cities of Tehran were also affected by this process so every day the complex problems of Tehran with facing these uninvited guests were added. In order to evaluate the settlements, the three dimensions of social, economic and physical infrastructure was elected. With the level settlements, cities have been compared in terms of amenities and facilities. It was found that which city needs more investment than other cities. In this study, 36 indicators in three categories: social, economic, infrastructure - physical settlement of Tehran were selected for evaluation and analysis. Therefore, levels of development of countries of Tehran were determined with using cluster analysis technique. In general, the following questions are raises in this study: A) Differences between countries of Tehran province in terms of development indices like? How many parts the townships are divided to? B) Due to clustering, which is unstable and stable city? 2. In this study the research method is multivariate analysis. Thus, after defining the concepts of research, ultimately, Hierarchical cluster analysis was used for plan of classification of settlements. To the classification Counties located in an area are very close to each other, but there are remarkable a difference with other levels of cites and distinguished from each other. 3. To measure the level of development of cites of Tehran province in the first indicators of social, economic, and physical infrastructure was selected. The amount of data collected and the index data for each of the indices were entered into SPSS software. After calculation and analysis based on hierarchical cluster analysis, results and output analysis appeared in tables and diagrams. The first neighboring matrix table to cities (adjacency matrix) that Euclidean distance of each region or district or village is calculated to the next area. in the next steps Combination of density clusters, cluster members, cresset vertical and tree diagram is drawn. The output of this process shows that Tehran city is in the first cluster and Damavand, Pishva, Pakdasht, Rey, Damavand, Baharestan, RobatKarim, Varamin, IslamShahr, Ghods, Malard, Shemiranat, cities are in the second cluster. Firozkoh city is in the third cluster. 4. Results of analysis with using hierarchical cluster analyses method shows cities of Tehran province are categorized in three clusters. Tehran city as the richest city, Pishva, Pakdasht, Rey, Damavand, Baharestan, Robatkarim, Varamin, Eslamshahr, Ghods, Malard, Shemiranat and Shahriyar cities are in the second cluster and Firozkoh city is in the third cluster. In fact Firozkoh city is in the last cluster and knowing as the poorest city and it should be has priority in terms of invested in the development of facilities and services. After Firozkoh Counties of the second cluster are important for to allocate funds, constructive projects but as it became clear with evaluation of development indicators. Cities of this cluster are not in the same level. Thus in the formulation of plans and amenities to these cities should be considered this point.

1. Although the relation between urbanization and political culture is one of most challenging subject in the world, especially for developing countries (e.g. Iran), there are not enough researches on this issue. All the events, diverse economic, political, cultural, social and physical interactions and relations are concentrated on cities. However, cities as a modern phenomenon represent the status of governments and their functions in the development process of the relations; then cities are as political agent as they are social, geographical, cultural and economic phenomena. It means although formation of the cities and development of urbanization are mostly affected by political decisions, they influence political culture and national, regional, and even international politics. Some research findings indicate that urbanization is as a motivation to development in general, and over time it can lead to economic development, in especial. But there are fewer researches which show how it can develop political culture. Because of the importance of city and urbanization and their impacts on developing countries especially in Iran in one hand, and the shortage of research on the role of urbanization in political development on the other hand, it is necessary to explain the various theories about this issue. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the impacts of urban growth and urbanization on developing political culture. This article addresses the following question: Does the growth of city and urbanization lead to development of political culture in a social framework? 2. We have used mixed methodology to determine the criteria, factors and variables of urbanization and political culture, and also to measure the direct and indirect impacts of these as independent variables on development of political culture as a dependent variable. The mixed research method is a way to collect and analyze the quantity and quality of data in one or several survey. The purpose of this method is not the use of one instead of another; it aims to develop the strengths and decrease the weaknesses of both the two methods. In general, this survey is separated into sections. In the first section, a conceptual framework is presented that may be utilized when analyzing the influences in political culture development arising from urbanization. Actually, factors affecting urbanization and development of political culture have been extracted by interviews with specialists. In the second section, our proposed conceptual model has been analyzed relying on quantity research method and using coefficient and path analysis. Our samples are the citizens who live in Tehran and are more than 18 years old. Based on convenience sampling, 260 questionnaires have been given out and finally, 251 filled questionnaires were acceptable. To analyze the data and test our research hypothesizes, Pearson coefficient and multiple regressions have been utilized by using SPSS 13. 3. Extracted results from interviews with specialists indicate that two important factors affect political culture in a geographical space. The first factor is the function of government and state as planners and decision makers. The second is society members that according to their political knowledge, presence of different institutes in the society, having unbiased believes respect to race and tribe, their education level, and their motivation to civil participation, they have diverse requirements from their states. Beside these two factors, geographical place is an important factor that might affect political culture. Then, city and urbanization could be as a geographical place or space to reflect the beginning of political culture development. Quantity findings have been separated into two parts. First of all, inner coefficient of urbanization and political culture indicators and then path analysis have been used to estimate the direct and indirect impacts of urbanization variables on political culture development. In the first part, we have used the Spearman coefficient to measure the correlation coefficients of urbanization variables with each other in one hand and correlation coefficients of political culture development variables on the other. Spearman coefficient results show a direct relation with high significance. Virtual and public spaces variable and then the variable of weakening racial, sexual, and tribal believes have the largest significant relation with other variables. From all the variables for political culture development concept, freedoms of speech and political knowledge have much more significant than other variables. The results of path analysis present that urbanization process is an essential factor to develop political culture in particular and political development in general. Moreover, political participation, political knowledge, freedom of speech and democracy, institution and weakening the racial - tribal and sexual believes have direct and indirect impacts on the dependent variable. Furthermore, the variables of social mobilization and forming virtual/public spaces have indirect impacts on developing political culture. In analysis of our findings, two variables of institution and forming virtual and public spaces with 1.15 and 0.71 rates, have the most influences on development of political culture. 4. We are concluded that urbanization in Iran, especially in two recent decades, have direct and indirect impacts on political development and especially political culture development and it is as a beginning to political development in a social structure. However, it has been affected by different national and international changes. Our model results indicate that urbanization indicators significantly influence political culture development indicators. Furthermore, Spearman coefficient test shows that there is a significant correlation between urbanization and developing political culture. It means if the rate of urbanization increases, the political culture will be developed and subsequently changes in quality of life, a shift from urbanization towards urbanism, and responsive citizens will be expected. It should also be noted that according to three pointed theories related to urbanization in this paper, our findings make it clear that in Iran urbanization and its impacts on political development, in general, and development of political culture, in particular, follow Milbert Doutch and Lerner theory that acclaims urbanization has a significant impact on political behavior.

1. Use of land affects structure and function of ecological systems. Landscape transformations are the main causes of loss of biodiversity (Dale et al. 30). Effects of land transformation go far beyond the changed boundary and one-third to half of terrestrial areas is changed by human activities (Vitousek et al. 1997, 495). Land cover changes impact regional climate and hydrological cycles. In one hand, land uses provide natural resources and services for human society and on the other hand they cause degradation and destruction of ecosystems and their services (Foley et al., 571). Land use and management were the main source of environmental degradation along history. American Society of Ecology has determined five basic principles for land use management (Dale et al. 2000, 640): time, species, place, disturbance and landscape. Urbanization trend in Europe is analyzed by Antrop (2004); relative areas of main land uses are including forest (33%), natural area and extensive agriculture (24%), arable land (24%), permanent farming (16%), grassland (2%), and Urban area (1%). Current rate of urbanization in the majority of European countries is more than 80% and this explosive process comes from urbanism driving force during the past decades. Historical information of land conversions can help restoration activities. Environmental changes could be detected at numerous scales but scale of landscape has more important information for spatial planning (O’Neil et al. 1997, 514). Change of landscape directly affects ecological processes and spatial arrangement of elements influence horizontal flows and movements (Forman and Godron 1986, 54). Land use refers to type of human activities taking place on the land but land cover refers to biophysical condition of land surfaces. Sometimes concept of land use and land cover may be mixed and confused resulting in wrong understanding of landscape structure and function. Based on V-I-S model (Gluch and Ridd 2010, 86) land covers could be classified into three main groups detected by remote sensing technique: vegetation, soil, and impervious surface. More than 50% of the land in Iran is mountainous (Firouz 1974, 15). Current rate of urbanization in Iran is more than 70% (Tehran comprehensive Plan, 2007, 25); urbanization growth rate was more than 1.5 % during the last decade (Seyyed Akhlaghi 2012, 499). Mountain regions are fragile and susceptible to environmental changes (Korner 2007, 570). Majority of cities in Iran are placed on lowland plains. Therefore, these are our questions: How are mountain upland and lowland plains interacting? How does urban growth of Tehran and Karaj cities affect ecotonal piedmont zones in the middle? Ecotonal piedmont zones in the middle of upland-lowland continuum have the role to connect mountains to plains. It is our objective to monitor land cover changes in ecotonal zone of piedmont in the southern slopes of the central Alborz Region respecting sprawl growth of Tehran-Karaj metropolitan area. 2. Study area of this research is ecotonal zone of piedmont in the southern slopes of the central Alborz region (Figure 1). From north to south, Tehran Plain could be divided into two main geomorphologic zones; the piedmont zone in the north up to the mountain front, and the Tehran plain in the south down to Rey City and its suburbs (Jahani and Reyhani 2006, 115). Tehran plain (Tehran-Karaj area) is located on the southern piedmont zone of Alborz Mountain Range, in an area more than 5,000 km2 to Namak (salt) Lake Desert in the south. The average annual precipitation in Tehran is still less than the figure for the country and is about 230 mm (Jahani and Reyhani 2006, 116). Tehran, the capital megacity of Iran, with still-growing population of 10 million of permanent residents and two million non–resident commuters is not an exception to this general custom. The expansion of the city which has started from Qajar and its accelerated speed from 1970s has not clammed down yet (Saeednia 1989, 3). The city of Tehran with an increasing population of 10 million citizens lies between Shahre-Rey in the South and Alborz Mountains in the North (Yavari 2007, 327). The slope is ranged from 1.3 to 5 percent with north to south aspect (Saemian 2012, 13). The population of the Tehran has increased from 0.1 million in 1891 to 8 million in 2006, a drastic increase of 80 times (Jahani and Reyhani 2006, 117). We used four satellite images of Landsat 7 ETM+ (2000) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (2013) to capture land covers (Table 1). Classification is done by supervised method and maximum likelihood algorithm using Erdas Imagine 8.4. Accuracy assessment for each of the four classified images was more than 80%. Upper limit of Ecotonal piedmont coincides with knick line separating mountain and pediment plain and lower limit is drawn below the foothills. Ecotonal piedmont is divided into four unit zones: (1) Northern Tehran; (2) Suburb of Tehran-Karaj; (3) Northern Karaj; and (4) Western Suburb of Karaj. 3. Results show that relative percentage of open spaces, built areas, and vegetation covers at 2000 were 53.43, 28.73 and 19.48 percent, respectively. But at 2000 the proportion was different for built areas (52.59%), open spaces (38.55%) and vegetation covers (8.53%). Ascending ranking of the zones relative area of built-ups at 2000 was zone 3 (47.86%), zone 1 (43.12%), zone 2 (20.26%) and zone 4 (7.69%). At 2013, the ranking became different with zone 1, 3, 2, and 4 by relative value of 74.96, 63.01, 58.59 and 23.74 percent, respectively (Table 2). Respective vegetation covers at 2000, zone 1 was in the first rank with value of 30.92% but at 2013 zone 4 by 11.82% becomes the first rank. At 2000, open spaces decreased as zones 4, 2, 3 and 1 have values 79.21, 59.44, 37.61 and 25.67, respectively. But at 2013, the same ranking remained but with decreased values of 64.42, 34.28, 31.20 and 16.49 percent, respectively. 4. Our results indicate that 32.93 percent of the ecotonal piedmonts have changed during 13 years (2000 to 2013). Vegetation covers and open spaces were the major source of land cover conversions and built area was the ultimate rank of land cover conversions. This explosive trend of urbanization in the ecotonal zone of piedmont signifies that regional inter-relations within upland-lowlands continuum (Becker 2007, 62) have been disturbed. Peidmont as a middle connector zone in this continuum (Marstone 2008, 510) and as an indicator of environmental change at landscape scale (Farina 2010, 126) have to be monitored for restoration activities in network of life support systems (Yavari et al. 2007, 340). This ecotonal zone has significant roles in vital processes of air and water (Bogachev 2004, 79). The alluvial fans and the orchards placed in this zone are the main suitability features must be conserved.

1. The population growth and uncontrolled increase of cities in the recent decades has affected the quality of life for citizens even in the smallest towns. Kuhdasht City contains 107.1 hectares of deteriorated textures (i.e. 29 % of the city) with 29309 residents, equivalent to 34.1 % of the total population of Kuhdasht. Due to differences in economic, social, physical, and other indicators in the neighborhoods with deteriorated texture compared with other neighborhoods and their importance as the old textures of Kuhdasht City, this research investigate the indicators of quality of life in the neighborhoods of the city from viewpoints of citizens. Besides, this article is an attempt to determine the spatial distribution of indicators of quality of life in neighborhoods with deteriorated textures in Kuhdasht City. It also attempt to find out whether the results show that indicators of quality of life and the geographical distribution in neighborhoods with deteriorated textures in Kuhdasht City are fair and equitable or not? Thus, the purpose of this research is to analyze the quality of life in Kuhdasht City and its spatial distribution in the neighborhoods with deteriorated textures in Kuhdasht. 2. According to the purpose of the study, descriptive-analytical method has been used in this research. The statistical population is all the residents in Kuhdasht city from whom 385 individuals were selected through Cochran formula and utilizing random sampling. Then, according to the population of each neighborhood in 2011, this value was distributed among the neighborhoods. To determine the validity of the questionnaire used in the study, the researcher consulted with 5 professors, scholars and experts and their critical comments and suggestions were applied to the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the indicators of quality of life in the city were calculated about 0.78 and it is acceptable according to Oppenheim. For data analysis, factor analysis models with R and statistical methods of one-sample T-test in the SPSS application were utilized. 3. Based on the results of the factor analysis, 36 indicators in this study were classified into 6 factors and according to each of the extracted factors, the neighborhoods of the Kuhdasht City were categorized into post developed, developed, semi-developed, underdeveloped and deprived levels. The sum of the scores obtained from the factors was utilized as inputs for cluster analysis and then, using density-based hierarchical clustering method, the neighborhoods with deteriorated textures were classified into five homogenized clusters. Results indicate that out of 11deteriorated textures of the city, Bu-Ali neighborhood with 69.85 percent has the highest quality of life based on the combined scores of factors. Saheb-Az-Zaman neighborhood with the combined score of 55.76 percent stands in the second place and Ferdowsi with the score of 45.17 percent in the third. Entehaye Bu-Ali, Jihad-e-Shomali and Motahari neighborhoods with the score of -166.71, - 118.72 and -105.21, respectively, have the worst conditions in terms of considered indicators of quality of life. The gap between the neighborhood in the first rank (Bu-Ali neighborhood), and the neighborhood in the 11th rank (Entehaye Bu-Ali neighborhood), is 227.47 which shows a great injustice in terms of enjoying indicators of quality of life considered in this research among neighborhoods with deteriorated textures in Kuhdasht City. 4. Results of factor-based cluster analysis of neighborhoods in Kuhdasht city suggests that Bu-Ali and Saheb-Az-Zaman neighborhoods are in the first cluster and are classified as post developed. Ferdowsi, Sad-e-Salehi, Daraii, and Rudaki neighborhoods are in the second cluster and are classified as developed neighborhoods, Bank-e-Keshavarzi and Moallem are in the third clusters and are classified as semi-developed neighborhoods, Jihad-e-Shomali and Motahari are in the fourth cluster and are considered as underdeveloped neighborhoods and Entehaye Bu-Ali neighborhood is in the lowest level, i.e. the fifth cluster, and is considered as the most deprived neighborhood. Considering one-sample T-test, it can also be said that the neighborhoods with deteriorated textures in Kuhdasht City are in the poor conditions in terms of the economic factor, services, municipal services, social services and environmental conditions, while in the factors of health, safety and educational facilities they are in better conditions with the means of 3.22 and 3.09, respectively. To improve the quality of life in deteriorated textures of Kuhdasht City the following suggestions are presented: (1) education of the authorities and the municipal managers on the benefits and advantages of equitable distribution of facilities and municipal services. (2) Paying attention to the principles of sustainable development and local communities in the physical division in the Kuhdasht City for the equitable and purposeful distribution of municipal services. (3) Improvements in qualitative and quantitative conditions of housing and amendment of separation system and gradation and order of texture for the sake of improving spatial and physical qualities in deteriorated texture. (4) Improvement of buildings in the deteriorated textures of the city and making fortified buildings appropriate to the social and cultural structures and natural environment. (5) Planning for the re-development of the deteriorated and deprived municipal textures in order to reduce the environmental pollution. (6) Providing the necessary municipal land use according to the per capita standard for improvement of functional place of deteriorated textures in Kuhdasht City. (7) Applying development program with giving priority over development of deprived neighborhood in order to reduce the gap in the quality of life among neighborhoods with deteriorated textures.

1. Since the ancient times participation in its general sense has had a strong link to human life and, in its modern sense, it has begun from the politics after the World War II. This kind of participation in some industrialized countries (particularly those which had defeated in the War) began in economic and industrialized realm in order that it share people in ownership and reinforced sustainable pillars of industry and economics. By expanding the sense of participation and its penetration into all aspects of life, there are some conditions which all people consciously and really determine their own destinies. The concept of participation covers the basic issue that individuals and all society can exploit their benefits by influencing directly or indirectly the urban affairs. Citizens by participating in urban affairs are connected to a network of relations which can play the supportive role for them in the future. Particularly, a society in which the number of vulnerable groups is more, their being participated in urban affairs causes increase in their self-esteem, social interaction and enhancement of their experiences and skills. According to urban planning experts and specialists, citizens as the main suppliers of urban costs (taxes and complications) and also as the executives of urban regulations should participate and cooperate with the authorities of their cities about their future. However, the participatory dimension of people in the process of urban management has encountered a serious problem and challenge and lack of people's being participated in affairs related to urban management. The lack of people's interests in participating in affairs related to themselves have also faced urban management with a great problem and this is an obvious challenge which are observable in all cities of Iran. 2. This study has descriptive-analytical method which has been conducted by library and field study. The main part of this research is conducted by field survey. The population including all residents of Zone 1 of Mashhad City was174594 people according to the census of 2011. Using Cochrane sampling formula, the sample size is including 384 participants. The sampling method was systematic random sampling. 3. Among the discussed issues and data analysis using SPSS and field studies in the present study, it seems that in evaluating the participation rate in urban management for all the 384 participants of the study, 11 percent of them had low participation rate, 18 percent medium rate and 71 percent had high participation rate. Regarding the Likert Scale in sense of security (from 1 to 5), the mean score of participation rate for citizens of Zone 1 was 3. As 40.6 percent of population had an income above 600 thousands Tomans and 41.6 percent between 400 to 600 thousands Tomans and about one half of them had an academic education, higher participation rate was expected, while the obtained figure is a little higher than medium level. Concerning the higher level of income and education in the status quo and the obtained figure of the participation rate, it can be expected that in the future the participation rate will be higher. 4. The descriptive results of the participation indicate that most of the citizens residing in the zone participate more in affairs such as protecting parks and green spaces, paying taxes and urban complications and participation in managing urban affairs. The citizen participation rate in presenting ideas and suggestions to urban managers is in lower level. The analytical results indicate that there is a significant correlation between the variables of sense of belonging of citizens to their residing place and their participation rate in urban management. This means that those citizens who are loyal to their residing places and have great sense of belonging are more interested in participating in urban affairs than those citizens who have not such a sense and also those citizens who are more satisfied with urban managers. The results of regression test indicate that based on the value of coefficients, i.e., beta variables of ownership type, education level, housing quality, marital status, income and type of job could determine 55 percent of variability of dependent variable (participation in urban management). Generally, the results related to correlations and regression analyses are consistent with theoretical approach of the research. The results also confirm the research hypotheses except the variable housing quality which had no significant correlation with urban management. In other words, married individuals, citizens who are owners of their houses, those who enjoy high level of income and education and housing quality were more tended to participate in urban management. Finally, it should be noted that citizens residing in the studied zone, regarding their medium and high social and economic status, have not understood that social participation is important for urban sustainable development.Analytical results of data showed that as belonging sense of citizens to their residence heightened, their satisfaction with urban services and facilities increased and their socio-economic status promoted, their inclination toward participation in urban management increased. In general, findings suggest that all of the citizens resided in the understudied area, regarding their high and average socio-economic status, have not yet concluded that citizens’ participation is considered as one component of urban sustainable development.

1. Nowadays, cities are complex environment under the influence of economic, social and political forces. These forces shape and act in the cities through main players including formal forces such as citizens and developers and informal forces such as pressure forces. City environment is historically shaped by these forces depending on socio-political structure of the city. Therefore, cities are always faced with paradoxical forces and values in their sustainable urban development that sometimes got stuck between personal benefits and public gains. In sustainable urban development, the quality of life in city’s environment is considered as the central issue and is defined within protecting ecosystems. This is in a way that guarantees the continuity of citizens’ life with social growth and economic and environmental well-being of human settlements and their interactions with all the residents by preserving sustainable urban environment. The main point of the sustainable development theory is its logical and reasonable attention to relations between elements and constituents of development which leads to preservation and duration of development. In other words, the sustainable urban development regards the five basic indices involving economy, human society and culture, anatomical (physical) environment and management, and administrative practices. Therefore, it is necessary to take social and economic issues into consideration along with environmental, administrative and physical matters. In this regard, ‘Liwot’ argues that much have been neglected to understand the reciprocal effects of processes of sustainable urban development as a type of a complete system. Then, for evaluating the development of urban sustainability, it is required to regard all issues as an integrated matter in a way that all elements and their interrelations and interactions are considered. So, more reliable results are those which are closer to the common parts of these factors. However, an important point is that what is considered as the core element in the sustainable approach and underlies other issues is reasonable land use and having a sustainable plan for it. This is due to the fact that land use is the heart of sustainable discourse. Actually, planning and sustainable management of land use at the beginning of the 21st century is an immediate necessity because of population growth and economic activities leading to increasing pressure on the earth. Therefore, to know and resolve the difficulties in urban land use management, verifying the stability in urban land use is the indispensable point for urban decision-makers. Under the present circumstances, in metropolises and cities like Tehran, if the present urban zones and the future ones continue to change without considering economic, social, managing and environmental needs, the future problems will be inevitable. Reaching sustainable development is the main issue in cities. In order to reach urban sustainable development in geographical environment, the plans and acts of urban institutions should be proportional to their ecologic structure. Therefore, in order for sustainable urban management, urban managers are faced with a variety of problems and containments. One of them is constructional infraction which has great influence on urban physical structure. These infractions are different depending on the above forces. In other words, some forces affected urban management efforts intensively. These forces following their benefits have constructional infraction and break urban development rules while urban management has nothing to do with. This research aims to survey this kind of urban pathology in the field of constructional infraction in a small town of Iran, Babolsar. 2. In general, there are two kinds of methodology in urban issues research; dedicational research and analogical one. Despite of the controversial issues about the fact that historically dedicational research could not help advance the science in a variety of fields, in most of the researches these two approaches has been applied. In this article, we attempt to investigate constructional infraction in the city of Babolsar using GIS application in north of Iran. This software is the most useful tools for urban planners in the field of city information analysis such as land use and qualitative maps. Planners have always been involved in developing the communities everyone would want to call home. Originally, this meant designing and maintaining cities and counties through land use regulation and infrastructure support. Thus, using this powerful tool, we produced a variety of thematic maps in order to show spatial division of city and spatial pattern of constructional infraction. We are also going to find out how urban managers could face with these kinds of infractions through real urban policies. Based on the research goal, this research methodology is analytical-descriptive and it has been done using geographic information systems. In doing so, the city is divided into four sections and whole of infractions have been extracted based on the sections. In the next step, the needed table and maps are prepared and have been used. 3. Results show that the main part of Babolsar infractions is in residential land use where it took place in all four divisions of the city. In searching for the main reasons of this situation, we found that the current laws are suffering from inefficiency and lack of supervision system. Finally, establishment of supervision and searching and implementing sustainable and healthy municipalities are among effective solutions. 4. We have tried to clarify one of the main problems in urban spaces, constructional infraction, which has directly affected quality of life of citizens in many cities. This problem has multiple sources in city where many forces playing different roles depending on their power and dominance. Therefore, there are many socio-political and economic forces in the city that play a plenty of roles depending on the fact that which has more power source. Urban managers and planners in such a confusing and complicated atmosphere are faced with hard procedures and processes which their conduction need appropriate and exact approaches. In this article, the results show that main reasons for constructional infraction are domestic laws, disintegration of urban managements, lack of facilities for urban poor classes and lack of night monitoring system. In order to achieve a sustainable path, some strategies have also been proposed as following: paying attention to low-income groups in urban development plans, decreasing dependency on constructional infraction incomes and so on.

1. The late nineteenth century,coincided with the growth and urban development, urban problems such as inharmonious distribution of land uses in districts and, urban neighborhoods, inadequate housing, urban traffic problems, environmental degradation, Fall quality of life, the crisis of social and economic, economic and social crises, a variety of ideas and approaches in the field of urban development among urban planners in Europe and America the resultant it was introduced in the growth and development of urban planning and the urban plans.The time produce the first comprehensive plan for Iranian cities returns in the mid- 1340s. Although comprehensive plan s with technical preparations have been prepared and also a lot of spending and the positive impact on land zoning, building regulations compliance and relative improvement of life in cities but they have been unable to all of the for various reasons, reach. Undoubtedly, understanding and awareness regarding from the accomplishment of the goals, expectations and recommendations of the comprehensive plan requires a comprehensive study of urban plans in different parts of the country. As can be such that from the very beginning since comprehensive plan preparation approaches _ review during implementation by enforcement and experts, has been an imitation of the West and ignore local requirements analysis and the plan as well as the lack of assessment of the results of preparing plan to avoid past mistakes of other factors that affect the inefficiency of the comprehensive plan. Bijar is one of the oldest cities in the province of Kurdistan, Bijar first comprehensive plan following the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1371prepared and has been approved, the plan despite the passage of 21years since the preparing, still most proposals urban spatial development the plan have not been fulfilled. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the implementation of the comprehensive plan the year 1371 and identify factors that influence the non-realization of the plan proposals, in order to prevent repetition of past mistakes in the preparation of the future urban development and also up to date and relevant to current recommendations of the comprehensive plan (Comprehensive Plan 1388) has been done. 2. The research method is descriptive - analytical and comparative. Data collection through the documents and field methods.and using the Expert Choice software and Electre models, alternative ways physical development of the Bijar city has been evaluated. In this research, based on the existing data, the population reached Bijar forecast horizons is evaluated. The proposal for implementing user-level and per capita with the existing data, proportions, shortages and excessive land use and spatial analysis is studied in the city of Bijar. In this after Adjustment comparison of the various options and weighting options based on the opinions local experts in Bijar and using the software Expert Choice, the proposed options for future development Bijar using electric models and prioritize the physical development Bijar option was specified. 3. Bijar is one of the in Kurdistan province cities. Population over 55 years, with a growth of 3.07 percent in 1390, its population had risen to 47,926 people. Of 5 in-year periods 1390-1385, the average annual growth rate of Bijar is approximately. 20 Percentages, that growth is very low. The gross population density of Bijar 35.87 people per hectare and the net residential density in the city is equal to 160.82 ha and the low density of the component cities of the country.Comprehensive plan the employment forecast of about 80.14 percent achieved in 1375, but in 1385 only 58.60% of these predictions have been fulfilled. Neglect and lack of sufficient knowledge of relevant economic indicators and studies by non-specialists (specialists in fields other than economists), the economic consequences city, caused the bond between the spatial development of has Bijar is.Increase in the level of per capita land use, cultural, the reception and tourism, sports, office, transport and green space and also reduce the level of per capita industrial land uses - workshop, military, warehouses, should be considered in future plans city ​​planners and city managers to be.About aspects of physical development, physical development Bijar directions southeast and northwest of the city in the short term and the long term development of the city in northeastern suggested, However mainly development in the northwest of the city within the agricultural land, To assess the physical-spatial development alternative _ Bijar, which includes the first alternative of the inner or interstitial, second alternative development in northeast, the third alternative is northwest of the city, fourth alternative is the southern, Electre model used. In this method, instead of ranking _ of the new concept known as "non-rating's are used. In this method all of _ alternative using non-ratings comparisons been assessed by means of non-effective _ are removed (Hekmatnia and _ Mousavi, 1390: 370(To comparison facilities and limitations of physical-spatial development Bijar, each of the nine indicators were identified in addition to field studiesthe authors, of the local experts in Bijar were contributions. The results of the analysis Electre model revealed that the best alternative at present of the spatial development of the of Bijar, that is attention to inner development, it can be the current development of physical- spatial characteristics Bijar be consistent. 4. After a 50 years, urban comprehensive plan in Iran spite of the replacement of structural plan the origin of its, as well as its position in the urban planning system, except in large cities like Tehran and Mashhad preservation have. In this study, the rate of and reasons for the success or failure of the plan implementation will be investigated. -About the reasons for the failure of the comprehensive plan of the Bijar, the following can be stated: -Impossibility of correctly predictions the long-term demographic and economic trends; -Ignoring the will of the people and its role in the formation of the the urban; -Lack of attention to economic sector comprehensive plan and the status of economic studies in Physical- spatial development; -Much emphasis on physical planning, regardless of social and economic planning; - Changing demographics in terms of macroeconomic policies, which sometimes leads to higher population growth on urban development and urban development times greater than the growth of population must be different. the create a balance between these two factors; the country has not accepted any time. - Lack of national and regional spatial planning; - Lack or denial of access to essential data and update the plan; - Lack of flexibility in plan; - Little attention to the role of agriculture in the future development of the city; - less attention to the inner city wasteland that has provided for the possibility of inner development and the need for horizontal expansion of the city is destroyed.