مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال چهاردهم شماره 8 (پیاپی 79، آبان 1394)

Microbial and physicochemical properties of drinking water، considering type and quantity of drinking water, are factors for determining the acceptability of water. The effects of each of the above components on increasing the quality of water or threatening the health of consumers are also considerable. We aimed to investigate the trace amounts of microbial, physicochemical parameters of drinking water in Takab, comparing to national and international standard. This cross-sectional study was performed in order to monitor water quality that 17290 samples were taken for determination of chlorine residual of water, 1055 samples for microbial analysis and 87 samples for chemical analysis and the results were compared with the standards. Finally, all of data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U statistically. 66. 7% of chlorine residual of water had standard rate and 33. 3% of the cases were higher or lower than the standard. 12. 3% of rural water was contaminated by E. coli. Average total hardness was 247. 4±110. 2, at 100% of samples Sulfate ion was maximum allowance and 98. 9% optimal, Magnesium ion at 100% of samples were maximum allowance and 85. 1% Optimal, Fluoride ion at 10. 3% of sample Allowance and 89. 7% less than allowance. Other ions are also at the maximum allowance and optimal. The quality of drinking water in the surveyed villages was around the area according to Iran's National Standard for water. The chemical quality of water in some villages had higher hardness than optimal levels, fluoride in most villages was less than standard limit.

The quality of life is one of the effective factors in individuals’ health، especially in female adolescents، which its promotion improves performance and family accomplishment and makes bether health in society consequently. Therefore، this study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life among female high schools adolescents. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 female students with age range of 14-19 years old in Ahvaz during 2014. The students were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Data was collected by demoghraphical checklist and Kidscreen-52 health-related quality of life questionnaire and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and chi-square test. Mean and standard deviation of total quality of life score was 176. 27±12. 93 and the quality of life of most students (55. 1%) was in a good level. The students obtained the lowest and highest scores in autonomy and social acceptance domains، respectively. Mean of quality of life in the 1st، the 2nd and the 3rd educational levels were 179. 91±14. 10، 178. 31±12. 40 and 170. 61±12. 31، respectively and by increasing educational levels، the quality of life decreased (p=0. 001). It was found a significant difference between different educational levels of students regarding all quality of life domains except social support and peers، school environment and financial resources domains (p<0. 05). Based on the results، quality of life of most students were in good level. So that improvement of quality of life domains is necessary to reach a healthy society، hence، it is suggested that the authorities would consider appropriate programs to promote the quality of life domains of female adolescents.

Vaccination is the most common iatrogenic pain in healthy children that medicine should not be ignored. Therefore, any action in order to reduce the injection pain is an important part of health care. Since the order and method of vaccination may also be influenced by the experience of pain, this study aimed to determine the effect of (diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus) vaccine and Hepatitis B injection on pain response amang two-month infants in 1391, referred to health centers in Rafsanjan. The present study was a double-blind randomized controlled field trial. In this study, 160 infants aged 2 months attending Rafsanjan health centers.They are randomly divided into four groups (n = 40). In the first group, the hepatitis B vaccination was administered by standard method, the second group received the same vaccine in pragmatic method, the third group, the DPT vaccine to standard method, and the fourth group, the DPT vaccine in pragmatic method. In all groups the second vaccine was administered as the same way as the first one.Using the Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS) and a demographic information checklist, the infant’s pain responses were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. To describe the data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.Of the 160 infants (51.25%)were male. In terms of weight, height and duration of breast feeding prior to vaccination did not differ between groups. Mean pain scores (MBPS) in group who had first received hepatitis B vaccine in pragmatic method were significantly lower than the other groups(p<0.001). The results showed that pain intensity is less when hepatitis B vaccine was administered in pragmatic method. Therefore, it is recommended vaccinators having regard to the safety order vaccine that causes less pain, as well as a less painful injection method.

Triterpenes could exert anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activities of cycloartan triterpene derivatives extracted from Euphorbia with names as; cycloartan-24-methylene3-ol(1), cycloartan-23-ene-3,25-diol(2), cycloartan-23-ene-25-methoxy-3-ol (3) and cycloartan-24-ene-3-ol (4) on cyclooxygenase-1(cox-1) activity. This is an experimental study. The cyclooxygenase enzyme was extracted from platelets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Ficoll-Paque density gradient. The inhibitory activities of the compounds were assessed by measuring the peroxidase activity of enzyme by End point Enzyme activity assay. The inhibitory effects of the compounds were examined using logarithmic concentrations of them (1, 10,100 µg/ml). The cytotoxicity of each compound was measured using Cell Survival of L-929 cell lines by MTT assay. The cox-1 inhibitory effect of compound 3 was very weak at a concentration more than 100 mg/ml and IC50>100 (mg/ml). The results revealed that; the compounds 1, 2 and 4 at concentrations (1, 10, and 100 µg/ml) demonstrated the acceptable inhibitory effects for the cox-1 enzyme with the IC50 of 9.65, 16.51 and 9.22 (mg/ml) compared with SC-560 control, respectively. The toxicity effects of compounds compared with Doxorubicin on the survival of L-929 cells, revealed that the IC50 of the 1, 2, 3, and 4 compounds are equal to 64.88, 64.47, >60 and 66.23 (mg/ml), respectively. Cycloartan triterpene derivatives extracted from Euphorbia plant could have inhibitory activities on cox-1 enzyme. The cytotoxicity study showed that these compounds probably at low concentrations could be useful to treat the diseases caused by increasing cycloxygenese-1 activity.

Hospital waste water due to infectious organisms and other risk factors is important. In this study, the possibility of coliform bacteria removal from hospital waste water using ozone separately and combining with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 + O3) as a pre-treatment was investigated. This is an experimental study that in the second moiety of 1392 in Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Engineering Research Center for Environmental Health Institute of the East Azerbaijan province was executed. Hospital microbial load in raw waste water,ozone disinfected and advanced oxidized raw sewage was determined by 9-tube most probable number(MPN) method. Average coliform bacteria and fecal coliform in raw sewage samples from 10 hospitals respectively 3.6×105 and 2.5×105 MPN were calculated. Coliform and fecal coliform removal efficiency of hospital wastewater by ozonation method back in time 10 and 20 minutes respectively (99.79 and 99.91%) and (99.99and 100%). was. Also, removal of coliform and fecal coliform wastewater advanced oxidation hospitals with contact times of 10 and 20 minutes (99.98 and 99.99%) and (100and 100%), respectively. The trial showed that the effective performance both ozone disinfection and advanced oxidation process (O3 + H2O2) as a pre-treatment is the removal of total coliform bacteria. However, the same results were obtained with a single injection of ozone. It is recommended that the hospital wastewater treatment in order to removal of total coliform bacteria only be done with ozone disinfection.

As women are main pillars of family and society, thus attention to different aspects of their occupational health should have special status. In this study, physical and mental health of women working in various organizations of Qom, in 2014, were discussed. This cross-sectional study has been developed among 157 females working in nine organization/industry categories. Applied tools included a demographic, and standardized GHQ-28 questionnaires. Statistical analysis has been done using T, ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests. Average ages of participants were (28.73±5.48) years old. 53.5% of subjects were married. Regards to organization type, 25% of samples were belonged to administrative jobs approximately. Findings depicted that social dysfunction had highest (6.41±3.02) and depression had lowest (3.25±3.74) scores. Women's total general health score was calculated 21.13±11.43. Difference of general health score among organizations and industries was significant (p<0.05) also, general health score difference among married and single people was not significant (p>0.05). Based on the obtained results, mean score of general health illustrated that female workers of the province were in the caution border line status regard to studied sub-scales by the questionnaire and need to attention and a change in workplace conditions. Therefore, employers should make a reduction in occupational risks in the workplace.

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin is a hemolytic exotoxin that increases the permeability of the cell membrane, thus causing lysis of leukocytes and tissue necrosis. Collagen-binding protein (Cna) adhesion Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for binding to collagen and the major virulence factor in arthritis and osteomyelitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes for PVL, Cna in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens by Multiplex PCR. In this cross-sectional, descriptive study, 67 samples of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Based on CLSI antimicrobial susceptibility guidline, different antibiotics were tested. Multiplex PCR assay was performed. Finndings showed that the susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid antibiotics was 97.1% and maximum resistance is to clindamycin was 23.9%. the frequency of Cna gene in clinical samples was 41.7% while PVL genes were not detected in the samples. Because of the importance of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus as the cause of infection among people, especially resistant hospital infections, due to increasing use of antibiotics, knowledge of the level of resistance to these agents is essential. Multiplex PCR is a simple, sensitive, inexpensive, relatively quick and very specific in addition, it has an ability to identify multiple genes simultaneously.