فهرست مطالب

Plant Production - Volume:10 Issue: 1, Jan 2016

International Journal of Plant Production
Volume:10 Issue: 1, Jan 2016

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/09/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • A. Monsefi, A.R. Sharma, N. Rang Zan Pages 1-12
    The effect of tillage, crop establishment and weed management was studied on the performance of wheat grown after soybean at New Delhi, India during 2010-11 to 2011 12. Sixteen treatment combinations involved 2 tillage, viz. conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT), two crop establishment practices, viz. raised-bed and flat-bed and four weed management, viz. isoproturon + hand weeding, mesosulfuron+ iodosulfuron, soybean stover + isoproturon and unweeded control. Population density and dry weight of weeds was significantly more under raised-bed than flat-bed, particularly under ZT condition, while under flat bed, the differences between CT and ZT were on par. Weed control efficiency was the highest (90.7-91.4%) under isoproturon + hand weeding and significantly higher than other treatments (86.5-90.2%). Yield losses under unweeded control were 23.1-26.1%. Grain yield of wheat under ZT-flat-bed (4.46-4.73 ton ha-1) was equal to that under CT-flat-bed (4.44-4.79 ton ha-1), which was comparatively more than raised-bed conditions. All weed control practices were on par and equally effective improving the yield of grain (19.2-27.5%) as well as straw 14.0%) compared with unweeded control. Nutrient uptake by crop decreased linearly with increase in nutrient removal by weeds. The highest net benefit: cost ratio was under ZT-flat-bed and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron (3.04) followed by soybean stover mulch + isoproturon 2.84). It was concluded that wheat can be grown underzero-till condition with post-emergence herbicide application for realizing higher productivity and profitability in the Indo-Gangentci plains of India.
    Keywords: Economics, Grain yield, Raised, bed, Soybean stover, Weed control, Zero tillage
  • S. Farzaneh, B. Kamkar, F. Ghaderi, Far, M.A. Chegini Pages 13-28
    A two-year experiment was carried out to study the effects of pollinator line characteristics on the quantity and quality of monogerm hybrid seed production in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and select proper pollinator for five promising sugar beet cytoplasmic male sterile lines (CMSs) during 2012-2013 growing seasons. In this study, four diploid pollinator lines were crossed by five CMSs of sugar beet. It was proved that the concurrence of flowering time between female and male parents and pollen and pollination characters is essential for sugar beet hybrid seed production. Pollinator lines SHR01-P.12 and F-8662 had the largest number of pollens. The duration of pollination for SHR01-P.12 and F-8662 was longer than other pollinator lines.Moreover, the most synchronizationof male and female recipient flowers was related to the pollen donors of SHR01-P.12 and F-8662 by the pollen receptors of 7112×SB36 and SB37×28874. Hybrids derived from crosses of CMS lines with pollinator lines SHR01-P.12 and F-8662 had significantly less empty seed percentage and the highest raw seed yield, saleable seed yield, standard seed percentage, while hybrid seeds derived from crosses of pollinator line S1-88239 by CMS lines had the lowest quantity and quality. Our results showed that unlike CMS lines 7112*436, the CMS lines 7112×SB36 and SB37×28874 419*SB36 and 261 231 produced the highest number of seeds with the highest quality.
    Keywords: Paternal line, Pollen supply, Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris, Seed quality
  • X. Du, B. Chen, Y. Meng, W. Zhao, Y. Zhang, T. Shen, Y. Wang, Z. Zhou Pages 29-44
    Wheat–cotton double cropping practices on a large scale in cotton belt of the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley in China. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of wheat–cotton double cropping on cotton biomass accumulation and yield formation during 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing seasons. Two cotton cultivars, Siza 3 (mid–late maturity) and CCRI 50 (early maturity), were used in three cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC) and wheat/direct–seeded cotton (W/DC). Lint yield in double cropping systems were significantly lower than that in monoculture. Compared with MC for Siza 3, lint yield in W/IC and W/DC were decreased by 10.9 and 41.8%, respectively and 9.9 and 35.9% for CCRI 50, respectively. These reductions were largely ascribed to the fewer cotton bolls per unit area. Growth analysis showed that IC showed a pronounced delay in early development due to the initial shading from wheat on cotton seedlings and owing to delayed sowing, DC was easily affected by lower temperature during flowering and boll formation stage. And that consequently was delaying reproductive development, affecting cotton biomass accumulation and distribution and finally limiting crop productivity. Further, the diminished source capacity coupled with inadequate biomass production was the main determinant factor to limit lint yield in W/IC, while the reduced sink capacity with less partition to reproductive organs was the primary factor limiting lint yield in W/DC. Comparing to mid–late maturity of Siza 3, early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had a yield advantage in double cropping sequential system, since its shorter growing period.
    Keywords: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Wheat, cotton intercropping, Wheat, cotton sequential cropping, Yield, Growth, development
  • A. WoŹniak Pages 45-52
    A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the yield and chemical composition of triticale grain in different crop rotation and tillage systems. The first experimental factor was the cropping system – a) crop rotation and b) monoculture and the second factor was the tillage system – 1) conventional (CT), 2) reduced (RT) and 3) no-tillage (NT). The spring triticale yield was found to be 15.4% higher for crop rotation than for monoculture and 19.4-22.4% higher in CT than in RT and NT. Crop rotation also increased the content of starch in the grain, as well as that of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), with respect to monoculture. Triticale grain from the CT plots contained more starch, magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) than grain from RT and NT. Crude fibre content, however, was higher in the grain harvested from the monoculture than in the case of crop rotation. Higher fibre content was also noted in the grain from NT and RT than from CT.
    Keywords: Crop rotation, Monoculture, Tillage, Macroelements, Microelements, Protein, Starch, Crude fibre
  • E. Aksoy, Z.F. Arslan, Ouml, . Tetik, S. Eymirli Pages 53-62
    Broomrapes are obligate root parasitic weeds and major constraint to many dicotyledon crops especially in Mediterranean agricultural lands. Due to the fact that no single control measure is able to control broomrapes in the field satisfactorily, integrated management is recommended in general. The use of of trap crops or catch crops is an important strategy for controlling the weeds; and allelopathic plants are also utilized for the control. Trap crops, also called false hosts, are plants which stimulate the germination of the parasite seed but cannot be infested and thus reduce the seed population in the soil. On the other hand, catch crops stimulate the germination of the parasite seeds at a high frequency and allow the development of the parasite. Seed bank of the broomrapes are decreased by destroying the catch crops before the seed creating period of broomrape begins (Sauerborn, 1991). Field trials were conducted using flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as a trap plant; lentil (Lens culinaris L.) as a catch plant; members of the Brassicaceae species, such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (DC.) Thell.), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.) as allelopathic plant in the Adana province (Turkey) in 2007-2009. Flax was the most effective treatment by decreasing 52% and 71% in shoot number and 55% and 26% in dry weight of O. crenata in the first and second year, respectively. Broccoli of the Brassicaceae family, was found to reduce the number of O. crenata shoots by 48% and 39% in two years. Regarding the effect of Brassicaceae family on O. crenata, broccoli was found to reduce the number of O. crenata shoots by 39%. It is concluded that growing flax as a trap plant or lentil as a catch crop two months before the sowing of lentil as a crop is can be a main element of integrated broomrape managament, which cause to reduce the soil seed bank of crenata broomrape.
    Keywords: Allelopathy, Catch crop, Orobanche crenata, Lentil, Trap crop
  • J. Huang Pages 63-83
    This study was conducted to determine whether selecting an optimum sowing date could improve yield. The experiment consisted of sowing a film-covered, drip-irrigated cotton field on four sowing dates from April to May in 2011-2012 at the Agrometeorological Experimental Station of Wulanwusu, which was in an arid region of north-western China. Late sowing dates produced less yield and water-use efficiency than did the normal sowing dates. The yield increased with the increases of mean diurnal temperature range (DTR) from full bloom to maturity, mean temperature and sunshine hours (SH) during the whole growing season (WGS), accumulated temperature (AT) and days from squaring to anthesis and mean temperature during the reproductive growth stage. However, the main effect factors of meteorological parameters were AT from squaring to anthesis, mean temperature during the WGS and AT from sowing to emergence. The main effect factors of yield component were boll number per plant, gin turnout and boll weight. Boll number per plant suffered from mean DTR from boll setting to maturity and SH during the WGS. Gin turnout was affected by mean temperature during the WGS and mean DTR from boll setting to maturity. Sowing date, year and their interactions all significantly affected the yield. Sowing date was an important factor affecting the yield and reproductive duration. With climate change, an earlier planting date might be an efficient method of increasing yield.
    Keywords: Drip irrigation, Leaf area index, Meteorological parameter, Seed cotton yield, Sowing date, Yield components
  • X.B. Liu, S.Y. Gu Pages 85-95
    Organic farming has become increasingly popular in the world. This is mostly attributed to escalating consumer concerns over the impacts of pesticides and chemical fertilizers on human health as well as growing concerns over environmental pollution derived from modern agricultural practices, such as rising greenhouse gas emissions and water contaminations. But does organic farming actually displace the environmental impacts commonly associated with conventional agriculture? In this article, we analysed the recent results of environmental impacts from organic farming. The aim was to fill the gap in assessing organic farming’s relationship to climate change and evaluating sustainability of this system with a minimal energy and environmental damage over time. Despite the efforts of recent years, there is still considerable room for the environmental optimisation of organic farming systems. The lower, similar or higher impacts of organic farming, depended on crop types, site effects and differences in management intensity. The conclusions here are exploratory and act as a call to action to natural scientists to further explore how organic farming functions. Feeding the growing world population under conditions of restricted land for agricultural cultivation, restricted natural resources and changing climate demands new and innovative solutions. These solutions require the agricultural community, to address agricultural systems from a perspective of increasing the productivity per area with lower external inputs and enhancing resource use efficiency without negative effects on crop yield and system sustainability.
    Keywords: Eco, efficiency, Low inputs systems, Renewable resources, Global warming
  • H. Salehzadeh, M. Gholipoor, H. Abbasdokht, M. Baradaran Pages 97-108
    There are complex inter- and intra-relations between regressors (independent variables) and yield quantity (W) and quality (Q) in tobacco. For instance, nitrogen (N) increases W but decreases Q; starch harms Q but soluble sugars promote it. The balance between (optimization of) regressors is needed for simultaneous increase in W and Q components [higher potassium (K), medium nicotine and lower chloride (Cl) contents in cured leaf]. This study was aimed to optimize 10 regressors (content of N and soluble sugars in root, stem and leaf, leaf nicotine content at flowering and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) at 3 phenological stages) for increased W and Q components, using an artificial neural network (ANN). Two field experiments were conducted to get diversified regressors, Q and W, using 2 N sources and 4 application patterns in Tirtash and Oromieh. Treatments and 2 locations produced a wide range of variation in regressors, W and Q components which is prerequisite of ANN. The results indicated that configuration of 12 neurons in one hidden layer was the best for prediction. The obtained optimum values of regressors (1.64%, 2.12% and 1.04% N content, 4.32%, 13.04% and 9.54% soluble sugar content for leaf, stem and root, respectively; 2.31% nicotine content and NRA of 13.11, 4.74 and 4.70 µmol.NO2.g-1.h-1 for pre-flowering, flowering and post-flowering stages, respectively) increased W by 3% accompanied by 4.75% K, 1.87% nicotine and 1.5% Cl in cured leaf.
    Keywords: Artificial neural network, Optimization, Tobacco, Quality