Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences
Volume:1 Issue: 1, Oct 2014

Surgery is among the causes of acute pain. One of the major problems of patients after surgical procedures is postoperative pain. Annually, millions of people throughout the world undergo surgery and experience different intensities of postoperative pain. Due to physiological changes and given the stability of the heart and lung, the management and control of pain is rarely considered as a priority in the care of patients after cardiac surgery. Cardiac surgical patients experience pain due to the surgical incision and between the ribs nerve injury created during the course of the surgery, and irritation and inflammation of the pleura by catheters. Control and management of pain in intensive care units (ICU) are the main tasks in nursing care. The purpose of this review study was the investigation, assessment, and management of pain in patients after cardiac surgery. In this study, the literature available on Magiran, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed were collected, and after reviewing, the relevant literature was studied. Although pain is one of the major stressors in patients undergoing surgery, the measures taken for the treatment and care of these patients are associated with experiencing pain. In this regard, all the resources have emphasized the using of guidelines and tools to assess patients'' pain. However, in cardiac surgery patients, sufficient attention is not paid to pain control. Patients reported poorly controlled pain and experiences of moderate to severe pain after surgery. Pain is a subjective experience, and in patients who cannot report their pain, it should be considered important. According to numerous studies, pain control is not performed in ICUs. Thus, efforts should be made for appropriate control and reduction of pain, use of valid methods to determine and control pain, and improvement of the quality of the programs.

Brucellosis is considered as an important zoonotic and worldwide infection with more than half of million human cases, which it occurs more and more in animals like as wild and live stocks. Sheep, cattle, and goats are animal samples that listed. Symptoms of this disease in human are consisted of: undulant fever, back pains, faint, spondylitis, arthritis and orchitis. This infection causes abortion in livestock, and this point is one of the important economic losses. Reduction in milk production is another problem in this disease too. This study is conducted by reviewing of the literatures, which are related to this concern, and also visiting PubMed, ISI and other websites. We must pay heed that most zoonoses are maintained in the animal reservoir. These diseases, such as leptospirosis, Q-fever, brucellosis etc. which among them brucellosis can transfer to human via close contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy. Therefore, eradication of this infection in human population is depended on omission of that in possible methods among animals reservoir. Such methods are like test-slaughter and vaccination of livestock. Hence, vaccination is not alone method for controlling, but it is probably economic one. Nowadays a vaccine which is effective for this disease control in human is not available. Of course presented some different vaccines for this infection in livestock that cleave live attenuated, killed bacteria and sub unit. Therefore, for eradication of this disease some vaccines with more effectiveness protection mid fewer side effects are necessary.

This study was survey to investigate of ethnopharmacology, antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) W. Greuter extract in in vitro from waste ground region of Gorgan, Iran, which has been used in traditional as a strong anti-inflammation, antirheumatism, antitumor, antipathogene, and antiinfection. Ethnopharmacological data were obtained among well-known indigenous herbal practitioner (70 ages) in Gorgan, Iran. Aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Gorgan waste ground (80 m) in October 2013. Methanol and acetone extracts were obtained by maceration, antioxidant activity were evaluated spectrophotometrically by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity and reducing power to compare of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole antioxidant standard and antibacterial activity were determined by disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) method against tree Gram-positive and negative pathogenic bacteria. D. graveolens (L.) W. Greuteris is usually wild grow in Golestan Province and has been used in traditional medicine as a strong anti-inflammation, antirheumatism, antitumor, antipathogene and antiinfection specially in treat of leishmaniosis metanolic extract of plant has strong antioxidant activity against free radical scavenging specially in DPPH methode than aceton extract with IC50 (6.2 ± 0.13 μg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus with inhibition zone 35, 30, 26, 21 mm were the most sensitive bacteria, with MIC ranging from 12.6 to 112 μg/ml, respectively. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium have moderate sensitivity and other bacteria were resistant to the plant extract. Results demonstrate that the methanolic extract of D. graveolens can become good potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity for controlling certain Gram-positive and negative bacteria, which produces many infectious diseases

Vulvovaginitis candidiasis and trichomoniasis constitute at least 50% of infectious vaginitis cases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical findings of candidiasis and trichomoniasis in women supported by selected health centers of Tabriz, Iran. This was a cross-sectional study, in which 1000 women who had the study criteria were selected by random sampling. In addition, 12 health centers of Tabriz were selected for this study. A questionnaire was used to obtain their personal and reproductive information, checklist for clinical observations, and culture methods (sabouraud dextrose agar and diamond) for diagnose vaginal infections. The prevalence of candidiasis and trichomoniasis were 25.2 and 9.2%, respectively. Findings showed that candidiasis infection, history of diseases, vaginal pH, number of coitus, number of delivery, and number of vaginal delivery, breast feeding status, method of last delivery, and contraceptive methods are risk factors for candidacies. Moreover, age at marriage, personal health, sexual hygiene, and vaginal pH are risk factors for trichomoniasis. A statistically significant relationship was observed between candidiasis and clinical findings, such as pruritus, pruritus during coitus, burning sensation with coitus, dysuria in woman and her husband, dyspareunia, low abdominal pain, urinal symptoms, vaginal status, amount of discharge, consistency appearance, and color of discharges. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between trichomoniasis and dysuria, and appearance and color of vaginal discharge. Due to the high prevalence of candidiasis, trichomoniasis infections, and infected women as asymptomatic carriers, it seems necessary to pay more attention to these infections and make efforts for their prevention.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of edible onion plant and a number of common antibiotics in the case of some important bacteria regarding food hygiene. The sensitivity or resistance of standard strains of 9 important species of transmissible pathogenic bacteria, through food in laboratory Mueller Hinton agar medium and using blank paper discs containing onion extract, 9 standard synthetic chemicals, and antibiotics by agar disk diffusion method (disk diffusion agar), were investigated. The findings of this study showed that, of the 9 species of bacteria tested, the aqueous extract of onion only has relatively small antibacterial activity on the 2 species of Staphylococcus aureus and clostridium perfringens. Statistical analysis of the results also indicated that there was no significant relationship among the different antibiotics used and the edible onion aqueous extract, and the resistance or susceptibility of isolates. Moreover, there was a difference between different antibiotics tested in this study and aqueous extract of onion, regarding the number of resistant bacteria, and intermediate and moderate susceptibility, and susceptibility to the antibacterial compounds. It seems that the aqueous extract of onions cannot be used as an alternative to commonly used antibiotics to fight important bacteria in terms food hygiene.

In the industrial world, almost everyone is unavoidably exposed to ambient electromagnetic field (EMF) generated from various technical and household appliances. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the diminishing effects of Citrus aurantium on uterus cell injury induced by EMF. In order to examine this, 40 female Wistar rats were selected and kept for 1 week in quarantine, and then, subdivided into two groups of 20 rats and were exposed to 40 Hz of EMF (non-ionizing radiation, 0.1 tesla) for 6 weeks. Group 1 received 3 cc/rat Citrus aurantium juice, and group 2 only received 3 cc Citrus aurantium. The control group only received 3 cc water using gavage method. The materials were processed and apoptosis was observed under a light microscope using TUNEL method. In the experimental rats, apoptotic cells showed significant increase in the EMF groups. However, in the exposed group that received Citrus aurantium, apoptotic cells and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased (P < 0.05). This study showed that EMF could induce cell injury on uterus tissue, and 3 cc Citrus aurantium juice has antioxidative effects on uterus tissue by reduction of apoptosis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder of hyperandrogenemia and chronic anovulation, which affects 5-10% of all women. It has been reported that women with PCOS often have serum lipid level elevation. This study compares serum lipid levels in women with and without PCOS. Lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), and lipoprotein a] in this comparative cross-sectional study were compared between 33 women with and 44 women without PCOS. All biochemical tests were done using fasting blood samples which were frozen in −80 °C since the previous study. Other data were collected from Iranian twin bank. Data were analyzed with SPSS. P < 0.05 considered as significant level. There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of age, age of menarche and body mass index (BMI). Serum levels of TC, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-1, HDL, LDL, TG, and lipoprotein did not show any difference between two groups. TG in PCOS women with BMI >25 was significantly higher in comparison with non-PCOS. The present study does not support the notion that PCOS affects serum lipid levels except in the term of TG in PCOS women with BMI > 25. It is suggested to repeat this study within PCOS patients who are insulin resistance.

Although the etiopathogenesis of pregnancy losses has not been clearly explained yet, uterine anomalies, infections, chromosomal anomalies, thrombophilia and free radicals are among the main reasons. Pregnancy losses may also repeated in the following pregnancies. Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between oxidants and free radicals and antioxidants. Oxidative stress may also result in damage in trophoblastic cells where the metabolism is high, such as placenta, and play a role in the etiopathogenesis of pregnancy losses. In this review, we aim to present the role of oxidative losses in pregnancy losses with literature.