نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 95 (پاییز 1394)

In recent decades, urban water resource constraints, exhaustion of transmission lines, short life span of water network elements, increase of pipes breakage and high networks failures, causes increase of economic and social costs in the use of distribution network infrastructures. Lack of information, oldness of available data and non-existence of incident spatial informing system is one of the major problems against water transmission network management. Although providing such data have been supervised by government agencies and these data are under certain standards, but shortage, failure and delay of data preparation is still evident. One of the solutions proposed to solve this problem is use of citizen participation in the preparation of spatial data. Using Volunteered Geographic Information environments and native people Information could be a faster and less costly way to update the maps. In the present paper, Volunteered Geographic Information environment is used to expedite the process of servicing in water utility network in situations such as water pipes leakage, pipes rupture, ilegal excavations, and etc. After modeling and design of the proposed system, its implementation was done in the Visual Studio2012 and ASP. NET framework using C# language.To save spatial and non-spatial data, SQL Server2012 database and GeoDataBase were used, respectively. To import the maps on the system, ArcGIS Server10.2 software was used. Finally, according to the questioning results from people, about 80 percent of participants in the inquiry were satisfied with the designed system. Also, questioning results from four water organization experts, three of them were satisfied with designing such a system.

Development programs are the most important mechanism for the realization of justice in society. For this reason، focused on ecological Justice، economic، physical، social and cultural in programming and its arrangement within the framework Islamic justice Leads To the Formation of a equitable society and Excellence and balanced progress in the all dimensions، fields، Strata and different geographical areas of the country. In thisregard، applications of Spatial Planning، is an important framework in balanced progress of society in all dimensions and organizing of regional disparities. The purpose of this research is priorities of Islamic- Iranian justice indexes in the realization of spatial planning and balanced development in Iran. The research is fundamental- applications and methods used in it descriptive - analytical. Evaluation Indicators of Islamic- Iranian justice is 34 index ecological justices، physical، economic، social، and cultural. Statistical population is 31 Province of the country. Data collection tools are the study of documentation and information of general census of population and housing in the various indicators. For Data analysis is used of network analysis model and structural equation modeling. The resultsof analysis network model show that indicators of economic justice with amount 0/282 are greatest role in regional disparities among provinces of the country، because in the often of indicators studied there is a huge gap in terms situation of income and wealth distribution، spread of poverty، per capita household income Which leads to not realizing of islamic justice in society. As well as analytical findings of structural equation modeling show that component of economic justice is very different in different regions of the country. Accordingly، standardized coefficients estimated of structural model in research and significance level (0/079) with Direct and positive coefficient 0/86 (9/51) is Represents Impact of economic factors on regional disparities in the country. Can be said this inequality is due to disregarding of Balance and harmony in country. Unbalance is visible in resources، activities، facilities، population، services or accumulation in the some of the populated places including metropolis which is in contradiction with islamic justice and equitable distribution of services and facilities and leads to disregard for social justice. Finally is presented strategies for organizing of regional disparities within framework of Islamic justice and realization of territorial justice.

The urban road network is one of the main components of the city’s lifelines that especially after crisis play significant role including the rescue operation, evacuation of the wounded. So the analyzing of the urban road network besides planning for reducing these harms, are inevitable. The present study was performed with “descriptiveanalytical” method to assess the seismic vulnerability of the urban road networks in the zone1 of Tabriz with crisis management approach. In order to evaluate urban road networks vulnerability of region of Tabriz, 3 criteria of density, level of inclusion and building features were employed. In this regard, the density criterion includes both sub criteria of residential density and construction density. In addition, the criterion of the building features includes 5 sub criteria such as: The building date, building quality, land use type, occupancy levels and types of materials which each of these sub-criteria are divided into other sub-criteria that these sub-criteria were weighted using Delphi method. Ultimately, after evaluation of roads vulnerability in terms of each criterion, the layers were overlaid using multi criteria evaluation. The ultimate results show that, the roads network vulnerability (excluding the region 1) is higher than the average, high and very high. The vulnerability of the road networks are observed mostly in informal settlements area that should be noticed in planning.

The impacts of human activities and natural events have changed the face of the earth. So, for the optimal management of natural areas, awareness of change of land is necessary. This study was carried out to detect changes in cover/land use of Abdanan region over a period of 25 years. For doing research, images of the years of 1985, 2000 and 2010 from sensors of TM, ETM+ and TM were used and after the corrections needed in preprocessing stage, the object-oriented classification method of images in Idrisi Selvi software, change detection maps prepared and presented results. The results show that during the years 1985 to 2010 are the trend of reduction of fair and good rangeland that indicate the general trend of deterioration in the region through replacement fair and good range by other land use as poor rangeland and barren land. Assessing the accuracy of the extracted parameters (Overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient of %95 and 0.94, respectively), indicating the high accurcy of the method of classification. The results obtained from this study show that he object-oriented classification method is also used for preparing of cover/land use maps and change detection.

At the same time accelerating the process of “globalization” in particular “economicglobalization”, a group of scientists made new theories and claimed that this process of globalization has destroyed “locations”, and “boundary and distance” don’t have meaning further. They claimed (geography is dead) and “geographical maps” are not effective in the modern world. In response to these comments, many geographers have developed a series of critical research and review articles on these trails. One of the things is production of the “new geopolitical map”. A descriptive analytical approach has been used in the current survey. Moreover, reasoning and logical analysis have been applied to analyze the findings and draw the final conclusion that what impact does globalization have on the geopolitical map and whether globalization is undermining the role of geography and political maps. As we know, the cities are playing the new roles outside of their political boundaries in the area of globalization and sometimes get more importance beyond their governments. “The new geopolitical maps”, instead of focusing on the countries and the actual boundaries used to draw the maps “of cities” and according to it doesnt matter the real boundaries. In this direction, valuable work has been done, one of which is the work of Taylor and his colleagues. The “new geopolitical map,” focuses on the relationship between worldwide cities. Relations of cities depiction around the world helps to create a new representation of the “space of flows global economy” that completes the “political space of locations”. In other words, new maps economic currents of the global cities are only a supplement to the political map of countries that provide a framework suitable space to understand the social changes under conditions of globalization.

The aim of current research is to site selection of military installations and determine of suitable areas of its generation in the part of dense forests at Aliabad Katool, Golestan Province using analytical hierarchy process and GIS. Due to, using of expert opinions, university masters, military experts, and literature review were selected factors such as slope percentage, slope aspect, elevation, distance form river, distance from road, distance from villages, lithology, land cover density, and distance from urban. The mentioned layers were identified as effective factors in site selection of forest areas and their maps were digitized in GIS environment. In the next step, AHP forms were created and in order to weighting and prioritizing of effective factors was send to different experts. Finally, weight of each criterion and sub-criterion was determined. The results showed that three factors including distance from urban (0.321), distance from road (0.217), and lithology (0.176) had the highest effects in military site selection, respectively. In contrast, land cover density (0.023) and slope aspect (0.017) had the lowest effects. At last, the final map of military susceptibility was prepared using AHP and GIS and classified into four classes such as low potential 9.07%), moderate (41.80%), high (30.01%), and very high (19.13%).

In the present age the parts of the earth's crust have tectonic movements and in the future will be more prone to risk. Geomorphological processes and also forms is very sensitive to the tectonic activity and changes by this motion. The assessment of tectonic activity using by some indicators have a major role in identifying these activities and helps to interpret the tectonic regions. Research In this study for the determination of tectonic activity in Frahzad basin in the north western of metropolitan Tehran, using and calculating geomorphic indices such as Stream length gradient index (Sl), Valley floorvalley height ratio (Vf), Asymmetric factor (Af), Topographic inversion symmetry (T), Drainage basin shape ratio (Bs), and meandering rivers (S). The research procedure is based on analytical method. The Physical and conceptual tools of this research are the topography and geology maps of the study area, satellite images and GIS software, in the form of ARC GIS 10 and several field visits from landforms, has been used. Discussion and This basin, with an area equivalent to 35,8 kilometers, one of the subbasins of the mountain range north of the Tehran metropolis, according to range of processes (mainly sliding and falling), is suitable for the assessment of relative tectonic activity. The results indicate that the farahzad basin based on indicators of the Sl, Vf, Af, T and S in active status and Semi-active status is measured according Bs. Analysis of these quantities represent the activity of the basin in the present age and the average tectonic activity based on IAT index (Index of relative active tectonics) puts this basin in the class 1. The results correspond with the geomorphological evidence (landslide occurrence).

It is a Known fact that upto now a number of projects have been executed for mitigation of air pollution in Tehran. Realiy is that,In spite of many short comings,such projects have been executed under crisis management systems rather than risk management and there for have locality and piecemeal in the face of increasing air pollution. Futter more nu use has been made of the decision making support system. Judging from statistics and the statements of the responsible authorities such projects have not attend Their objectives. Therefore the present research has been carried out by an analytics applicable method by utilizing statistics of carbon monoxide density in twelve stations of the air pollution studies network,plus meteorological data such as windspeed and wind direction and temperature at Mehrabad meteorological station relating to 2010,number the cars on highways and streets of the city,for the purpose of forecasing time and place of air poloution resulted from the traffic in Tehran, under spatial management system of air quality. In this connection GIS, LUR model and artificial neural network have been utilized.In this regard, since the ultimate goal of this research taking advantage of its results in the optimal control urban transport as a major source of air pollutants LUR method for the measurement of carbon monoxide typicalityin Transport metropolitan Tehran was used along with other pollutants. Then, the artificial neural network to predict the likelihood of air pollution with an emphasis on risk management were used. And then, based on the forecasts of artificial neural network, Using indicator kriging areas with high risk of air pollution, were identified. According to the findings of the this evaluation pattern that Results were appropriate, So that the pattern in air quality management support system the ultimate goal is to optimize the management of urban transport in metropolitan Tehran can be used.