پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 35 (تابستان 1393)

Dastur-al-Kateb fi Taaein-al-Marateb written by Mohammed ebn-e- Hendo-shah nakh javani one of the unique traces inlettering and inscription formalities In 8th century. This book is a pattern of dministrative scribes in the Ilkhanan period.in the samples of administrative letters, some of the letters is related to judgment court, judicial duties, lawyers and other court staffs. Drowing the structure of judgement court with the help of these rules and letters and matching them with the other resources ofthis period is the main aim of this research

Despite the second world war and the beginning of the influx of British and Soviet forces in the year 1320 SB/1941 m and join America as they were the basis for occupying the Iranian dictatorship, although in August 1320. broken apart Her experience young child called King mhmadrezah to rely on political activities, removal of power, social and ethnic groups was provided to the parties after the fall of Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran at the corners of the rebellion took shape, Bakhtiari, Qashqai, a number of khavanin and boier ahmadi that the situation returned to their areas of use. Including the khavanin a. Khan Bakhtiar (abol Khan Bakhtiari), respectively. That spread chaos in the country in the years to come, 1320 and SB Bakhtiari in 1322 e SB go hand in the Central Government ran riot and uprising. The second resurrection of 1331 he second half of solar and sh (e) in the first half finally finds that e-1332 15 a. Khani aka.

Khoy due to itsnatural features, militaryand border position, is one of these ttlementsofthe ancient Persians.The Safavid is one of important historical period for Khoy. Someambiguousexistsabout the structure andlocationof the city in Safavid period. The oldest Visual documen to fKhoy, is aminiature of Mtrakci. This miniature is drawnininvasion of the Ottoman King to Iran in 942AH. For this reason, the purposeof paper is reconstruction of Khoy in the Safavid period according to the Matrakci miniature from the perspective of explorers. Data collection will be done descriptive (with historical- attributive approach) by using resources to answer the main questions and research objectives. Also, data analysis done by analytical methods - adaptive.Results areitemsintopicsof architecture,urbanism,and thegeography ofthe city.Thus, the results led to the recognition of some of urban and architectural elements as: JameMosque, Shah Ismails palace, Bazaar,Horn minaret and etc. Also, the extensionof the city is from JameMosque to the Minar-e Shams Tabrizi. Bazaar and Palacearein place between the two elements.

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, all America's Middle East policies were challenged. After this defeat, America had made all their efforts in the region to regain his lost position. Iranian people, which still had not forgotten the bitter memory of the coup of August 28, revealed His repressed hatred. In an inappropriate and challenging action, America accepted Deposed Shah of Iran by the pretext of treatment. This event led to a revolutionary response to this problem. After this action, in response to American negligence to extradite shah (king), angry group of students, occupied United States Embassy in Tehran and took hostage its staff for 444 days. This event is the beginning of the tensions between Iran and America, which led to the imposition of reprisals. After occupation of embassy by students of Imam Khomeini follower, The United States cut diplomatic ties with Iran and imposing limited sanctions. This was the beginning of the series of sanctions which has continued so far. Initial sanctions were canceled after the Algeria contract. But Iranian movable properties in abroad, on the pretext of compensating the losses of the Islamic Revolution in America continues to be blocked in America. While some of this money was repaid to Iran, but significant amount was never refunded.

Based on western travellersitineraries, Iranian physicians of 19th century all diseases, medications and nourishments into four groups of Sanguine, Choleric, Melancholic and Phlegmatic and superstition was ruling over the realm of disease causes and their treatment. They thought that magic and charm could be of more benefit in disease prevention than clever care. However, setting aside the unaware and untrained pseudo-physicians, it is to be noted that there were physicians all around Qajar Iran who had been attending to scientific methods of medicine education and had gone so much further than their own time but lack of supervision over physicians’ activities, unaccounted entry of greedy people into the realm of medicine, and disappearance of specialization in treatment led the medicine science to superstition and being unscientific and left the scientific medicine in a weak and helpless position. The superstitious and reactionary ideas about Iranian medicine and treatment methods are cited in this research to show the general condition of Iranian physicians and medicine during Qajar era so that we could find out the why and how of regression in medicine and treatment methods of Iranian during the said era and its lagging behind the modern medicine. Therefore, through a comparative method and comparing the existing sources this research aimed to reflect the reality of medicine in Qajar Iran.

With the advent of the Umayyad, many changes occurred in the policies of the Islamic Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate nature Basically, the conduct of the Prophet rule or caliphates were not only different but also because of their government's based on the structure of the tribal aristocracy which had its roots in the pre-Islamic era, sometimes influenced by political tradition was conquered territories. Such monitoring of the For many who need to manage their wealth and conquest expand its business and increase the amount of taxes is the only way he knew. Spread the conquests of Transoxiana happened in the Al-Andalus occupied northern Africa to southern Europe in the vast and fertile lands to the Umayyad vintage set, the result of such a policy that leads to the growth of militarism, development and urinary system apanage the system. The growing trend of militarization and development of administrative systems required by this policy, the new costs imposed on the Umayyad caliphs, the Umayyads other ways to acquire more wealth eventually led to the fall of the Caliphs the Messenger of Allah no analog Sire previous rules were not in total. For example, taxes collected ransom gangs like the new teachings of the Quran was Salman who is exactly the opposite, gift, flower, and invertebrates that are related to the pre-Islamic Iran, the fall of the outdated Sasanids another example «Max» The Kings of Rome and Persia before Islam received such financial heresies are these the Umayyads.

Land which has called Afghanistan, had common history with Iran For various reasons such as climate, geographic, culture and religious. The northern and western parts of this country had comprehensive alliance with Iran until the fall of Nader Shah Afshar, but after his death and his territory Analyze was steps into the way of discontinuity from Iran. However, Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the independent Afghan government did not set themselves apart from Iran, but Statistics developments in the region, especially the British colonial policy provided the complete rupture areas to the governments of eastern regions of Khorasan. Revision of this rupture from power of the hierarchy of the job Barack and Sdvzayy to the Treaty of Paris and the separation of Herat is the subject of the present article, which codify with using historical research and cite to some of Iranians and Afghanis resources.