فهرست مطالب

Basic Medical Sciences - Volume:18 Issue: 11, Nov 2015

Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
Volume:18 Issue: 11, Nov 2015

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1394/09/29
  • تعداد عناوین: 15
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  • Maryam Akaberi, Milad Iranshahy, Mehrdad Iranshahi Pages 1050-1062
    Ferula communis L., subsp. communis, namely giant fennel, has extensively been used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments. Fresh plant materials, crude extracts and isolated components of F. communis showed a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties including antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. The present paper, reviews the traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of F. communis in order to reveal its therapeutic potential and future research opportunities. A bibliographic literature search was conducted in different scientific databases and search engines including Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, Google Scholar, Pubmed, SciFinder, and Web of science. Phytochemical studies have led to the isolation of different compounds such as sesquiterpenes from F. communis. This plant has two different chemotypes, the poisonous and non-poisonous chemotypes. Each chemotype is endowed with various constituents and different activities. The poisonous chemotype exhibits anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities with sesquiterpene coumarins as major constituents, while the non-poisonous one exhibits estrogenic and cytotoxic effects with daucane sesquiterpene esters as the main compounds. In addition, although various pharmacological properties have been reported for F. communis, anti-microbial activities of the plant have been investigated in most studies. Studies revealed that F. communis exhibits different biological activities, and contains various bioactive compounds. Although, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities are the two main pharmacological effects of this plant, further studies should focus on the mechanisms underlying these actions, as well as on those biological activities that have been reported traditionally.
    Keywords: Anticoagulant, Ferula communis L, Sesquitepene coumarins, Sesquiterpenes, Toxicity
  • Geng, Ruei Chang, Po, Lin Chen, Po, Hsun Hou, Frank Chiahung Mao Pages 1063-1071
    Objective(s)
    Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol compound that has been shown a promising cardioprotective effect. However, some reports have yielded conflicting findings. Herein, we investigated the anti-atherosclerotic effects of RES in apolipoprotein E (apo E)-deficient mice on a high cholesterol diet.
    Materials And Methods
    Firstly, atherosclerosis was induced by feeding a high cholesterol diet to apo E-deficient mice. Then, we examined its effects on weight control, and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and used histopathological methods to analyze morphology and inflammatory marker of atherosclerotic lesions in mice orally supplemented with high (25 mg/kg/day) and low (5 mg/kg/day) doses of RES for 8 weeks.
    Results
    Mice with high dose of RES had reduced epididymal fat pads, and lower serum IL-6 levels compared with those of control mice. Moreover, RES in high doses also decreased the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and atherogenic index (LDL-C/HDL-C) in the mice. Dissection of high-dose RES-treated mice revealed a marked reduction in fat deposition, percentage of mice with atherosclerotic lesion, and intima/media ratio in the aortic areas.Theexpressions of macrophage-specific marker F4/80 and cardiovascular inflammatory marker NF-κB in atherosclerotic vessels were both diminished in the atherosclerotic vessels of high-dose RES-supplementated apo E-deficient mice.
    Conclusion
    These results suggest that RES prevented the effects of a high cholesterol diet onthe rate of accretion in atherosclerosis progression by reducing the LDL-C levels and suppressing atherosclerotic inflammation. RES can therefore be valuable in the development of new anti-atherosclerotic agents.
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Low, density lipoprotein, cholesterol, Resveratrol
  • Parichehr Hayatdavoudi, Mohsen Ghasemi, Bamdad Zendehbad, Mohammad Soukhtanloo, Alireza Golshan, Mousa Al Reza Hadjzadeh Pages 1072-1078
    Objective(s)
    Leptin exerts various effects on appetite and body weight. Disruption of the obesitygene is precedent to fatness. Insulin or glucose elevates leptin, but streptozotocin reduces it. However, controversial data exist for the effects of leptin on diabetes and leptin level in each gender. Leptin can damage the kidney function but little evidence exists for its hepatic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable sex-dependent differences in blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and renal and hepatic biochemical factors in the obesity and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after leptin administration.
    Materials And Methods
    Wistar rats of both sexes were randomly divided into two groups, namely obese and diabetic rats. Each group was further divided into male and female subgroups. Extra fat and carbohydrate was added to the diet to induce obesity. Furthermore, streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, IP) was injected to induce diabetes. The treatment groups received leptin (0.1 mg/kg SC) for 10 days, and then, blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus for laboratory evaluations.
    Results
    Leptin resulted in a significant weight loss in both sexes (P<0.001), food intake reduction in male rats (P<0.05), LDL reduction in female rats (obese (P<0.05) and diabetic (P<0.001)), and glucose level decline in the female diabetic rats (P<0.001). However, total protein concentration, LFT (liver function tests), urea and creatinin concentrations among different groups did not show any significant changes.
    Conclusion
    Leptin caused some discrepant results, especially regarding the LDL and glucose levels in diabetic female rats.
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus type 1, Glucose, Leptin, LDL cholesterol, Rat
  • Motahar Heidari, Beni, Roya Kelishadi, Marjan Mansourian, Gholamreza Askari Pages 1079-1085
    Objective(s)
    This study aims to investigate joint association between cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) polymorphisms and body mass index (BMI) or birth weight with the risk of dyslipidemia in Iranian children and adolescents.
    Materials And Methods
    This study was conducted as a sub-study of the “school-based nationwide health survey” (CASPIAN-III). We randomly selected 750 samples from the whole blood samples. Real-time PCR and high resolution melt (HRM) analysis were performed to determine Taq1B (rs708272) and A373P (rs5880) polymorphisms.
    Results
    Taq1B polymorphism increased HDL-C, and total cholesterol (TC) as well as decreased triglyceride and LDL-C concentrations. LDL-C and triglyceride levels were significantly higher and HDL-C and TC levels were significantly lower among those with A373P polymorphism. CT/TT genotype in Taq1B polymorphism showed a protective effect on dyslipidemia (OR= 0.12, 95%CI: 0.07-0.20). G allele of A373P polymorphism increased the risk of dyslipidemia (OR=4.10, 95%CI: 2.14, 7.83) after adjusting the confounders. We observed interactive effects of CETP gene polymorphisms and BMI or birth weight on dyslipidemia.
    Conclusion
    Findings showed Taq1B polymorphism might have a protective effect and A373P polymorphism had deleterious effect on dyslipidemia in Iranian children and adolescents. These associations interacted with BMI and birth weight.
    Keywords: Birth weight, Body mass index, Cholesteryl ester transfer, protein, Dyslipidemia, Single nucleotide polymo, rphisms
  • Afra Khosravi, Sara Faryadian Pages 1086-1092
    Objective(s)
    There is much evidence indicating that depression is influenced by the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, GABA and adrenaline. The current study we designed to investigate the effect of exposure of pregnant rats to different colors on neurotransmitters level, as indicators of mood disorders in off springs.
    Materials And Methods
    Five groups of pregnant female Wistar rats (eight rats in each group) were enrolled in this study. Dopamine, adrenaline and GABA concentration in sera of rats were measured using ELISA.
    Results
    The colors black and red elevated the GABA levels in serum and CSF while the colors green and blue decreased the GABA levels. The colors black and red also decreased the sera and CSF levels of dopamine compared to the control group. The concentration of adrenaline was increased following exposure to the colors black, red and blue but decreased only following color green exposure. These results showed serious changes in neurotransmitter levels due to exposure to different colors which can be translated as mood and behavior changes.
    Conclusion
    It can be concluded that exposure during pregnancy can lead to postpartum behavioral changes even at adulthood and such changes can be made by colors.
    Keywords: Adrenaline, Dopamine, GABA, Mood, Neurotransmitters
  • Aysel Kurt, Levent Tumkaya, Yildiray Kalkan, Hasan Turut, Medine Cumhur Cure, Erkan Cure, Ibrahim Sehitoglu, Hacer Bilgin, Mustafa Usta Pages 1093-1099
    Objective(s)
    Increasing cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during ischemia reperfusion (I-R) leads to the lung damage. Adalimumab (Ada) is a potent tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor agent. We aimed to evaluate whether Ada would prevent the lung tissue from damage development over the I-R process.
    Materials And Methods
    Twenty seven Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups (each group had 9 rats). To the control group, only laparotomy procedure was carried out. For I-R group, first infrarenal abdominal aorta was cross-clamped during 2 hr, and then reperfusion was performed for 2 hr. To I-R+Ada group, first a single dose of 50 mg/kg Ada was given intraperitoneally and 5 days later, same I-R procedure was carried out.
    Results
    Levels of TNF-α, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and caspase-3 enzyme activity of I-R group were higher than that of both I-R+ Ada [TNF-α (P=0.021), MDA (P=0.029), MPO (P=0.012), ET-1 (P=0.036, caspase-3 (P=0.007), respectively] and control group [TNF- α (P=0.008), MDA (P<0.001), MPO (P=0.001), ET-1 (P<0.001), caspase-3 (P<0.001), respectively]. In I-R group, severe damage was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. This damage was found less severe in Ada treatment group.
    Conclusion
    The release of cytokines and ET-1 in a large proportion after I-R injury, and generating of ROS in excessive quantity could cause severe damage in the lung tissue. Ada could be considered as a protective agent for lung tissue during I-R process.
    Keywords: Adalimumab, Endothelin, 1, Ischemia reperfusion, Lung injury, Tumor necrosis factor, alpha
  • Hassan Rafieemehr, Maryam Kheirandish, Masoud Soleimani Pages 1100-1106
    Objective(s)
    Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UCB-MSCs) are ideally suited for use in various cell-based therapies. We investigated a novel induction protocol (NIP) to improve the neuronal differentiation of human UCB-MSCs under appropriate conditions.
    Materials And Methods
    This experimental study was performed in Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, Iran. UCB-MSCs were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS in a humidified incubator in equilibration with 5% CO2 at 37oC. For neuronal differentiation of UCB-MSCs, DMEM was removed and replaced with pre-induction medium containing RA, bFGF, EGF, and basal medium for two days. Then, NGF, IBMX, AsA, and Neurobasal medium were used for six days for this purpose. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the neuronal differentiation of UCB-MSCs for the first time in Iran.
    Results
    We found that the maximum and minimum levels of gene expression were related to GFAP and nestin, respectively. In addition, our study showed that compared to other neuronal inducers, RA might play the main role in neuronal differentiation and fate of MSCs compared to other neuronal inducers.
    Conclusion
    Our data showed that the combination of chemical (RA, IBMX, AsA) and growth factors (NGF, EGF, bFGF) in NIP may improve the efficiency of neuronal differentiation of UCB-MSCs and may provide a new method for easy and quick application of UCB-MSCs in regenerative medicine in the future. However, the functionality of neuron-like cells must be carefully assessed in animal experiments prior to use in clinical applications.
    Keywords: Cell differentiation, Mesenchymal stromal cell, Neuron, like cells
  • Nafise Tabasi, Maryam Rastin, Mahmoud Mahmoudi, Mohsen Ghoryani, Zahra Mirfeizi, Shahrzad Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe, Hadi Reihani Pages 1107-1111
    Objective(s)
    Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Autoreactive lymphocytes are cleared through apoptosis and any disturbance in the apoptosis or clearance of apoptotic cells may disturb tolerance and lead to autoimmunity. Vitamin D has anti-proliferative effects and controls cell cycle progression. In this study we investigated the effects of vitamin D on cell cycle and apoptosis induction in lupus patients.
    Materials And Methods
    Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 25 SLE patients were cultured in the presence of 50 nM of 1,25(OH)2D3; then one part of the cells were stained with FITC labeled Annexin V and PI and were analyzed for apoptosis determination. For gene expression assessment of FasL, Bcl-2 and Bax, RNA was extracted from one another part of the cells, cDNA was synthesized and gene expression analysis was performed using Real time PCR. An additional part of the cells were treated with PI and the cell cycle was analyzed using flowcytometer.
    Results
    The mean number of early apoptotic cells in vitamin D treated cells decreased significantly (18.48±7.9%) compared to untreated cells (22.02±9.4%) (P=0.008). Cell cycle analysis showed a significant increase in G1 phase in vitamin D treated cells (67.33±5.2%) compared to non treated ones (60.77±5.7%) (P =0.02). Vitamin D up-regulated the expression levels of Bcl-2 by (18.87 fold increase), and down-regulated expression of Bax (23%) and FasL (25%).
    Conclusion
    Vitamin D has regulatory effects on cell cycle progression, apoptosis and apoptosis related molecules in lupus patients.
    Keywords: Systemic lupus erythema, tosus, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Vitamin D
  • Pengbo Wu, Yonglong Hua, Shiyun Tan, Ming Li, Shu Yongxiang, Guo Fang Pages 1112-1117
    Objective(s)
    Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has biological actions on energy homeostasis, inflammation and insulin resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the association between VEGF -460 T/C (rs833061), and +936 C/T (rs3025039) polymorphism and risk of non-alcohol fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Hubei Han population and to further explore the interactions of smoking with rs833061 and rs3025039.
    Materials And Methods
    341 healthy controls and 246 cases were recruited. Two variants, rs833061 and rs3025039, were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The unconditional logistic regression (ULR) was performed to assess the association of the two variants with risk of NAFLD. Gene-environment interactions on the risk of NAFLD were preliminarily explored by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) and further confirmed by ULR methods.
    Results
    After adjusting for covariates, increased risk of NAFLD was observed in patients carrying CT/CC genotypes in rs833061 and rs3025039 (ORa=1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.51, 2.36, Pa=0.000; ORa=1.89, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.82, Pa=0.000, respectively). Interaction of smoking with rs833061 was found by GMDR, with maximum prediction accuracy (67.91%) and a maximum cross-validation consistency (10/10). ULR method confirmed that, smoking-positive patients with genotype CT/CC had 4.93 times risk of NAFLD compared to smoking-negative participants with genotype TT (ORadda=4.93, 95% CI:2.91, 8.54, Padda=0.000), which further confirmed synergistic effects.
    Conclusion
    The results indicated that both rs833061 and rs3025039 are associated with NAFLD risk. Furthermore, rs833061 is likely to have an interaction with smoking, and they have synergistic effects on risk of NAFLD in Hubei Han population.
    Keywords: Interactions, NAFLD, Polymorphisms, Smoking, VEGF
  • Bao, Lei Xu, Rong Wang, Li, Na Ma, Wen Dong, Zhi, Wei Zhao, Jing, Shuang Zhang, Yu, Lan Wang, Xu Zhang Pages 1118-1123
    Objective(s)
    Both caloric restriction (CR) and resveratrol (RSV) have been shown to improve learning and memory, but their potential effects in juvenile animals were unknown. Here, we evaluated the effects of RSV and CR on learning and memory function in juvenile mice and investigated potential molecular mechanisms.
    Methods
    Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were assigned to one of three different dietary groups: normal control (stock diet) (n=12), CR diet (30% caloric reduction diet) (n=12), and RSV diet (stock diet supplemented with 18.6 mg/kg RSV) (n=12), for 6 months. Body weight and blood glucose were measured every 4 weeks. Serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels were examined using biochemical methods. Serum insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were evaluated using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), and protein expression of silent mating type information regulation 2 homology 1 (SIRT1), p53, p16, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB), and IGF-1 were examined with immunohistochemistry.
    Results
    Although long-term CR diet did not alter physiological conditions in juvenile mice relative to control, RSV supplementation slightly elevated blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and serum insulin levels. Both CR and RSV improved learning and memory function, although the effect of CR was significantly greater. Both CR and RSV downregulated p53 and upregulated IGF-1 in hippocampal CA1 region of mice.
    Conclusion
    We demonstrate that CR and RSV may improve learning and memory by downregulating p53 and upregulating IGF-1 in hippocampal CA1 region of juvenile mice.
    Keywords: Caloric restriction, IGF, 1, Learning, memory, p53, Resveratrol
  • Jianhui Yang, Baochun Lu Pages 1124-1129
    Objective(s)
    This study aimed to establish a novel non-binding, reversible rat model of acute cholangitis of the severe type (ACST).
    Materials And Methods
    Twenty-six rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated group (n=13) and the ACST group (n=13). All rats were intubated with a modified catheter through the external jugular vein. The ACST model was established by ligation of the distal bile duct, placing one end of a modified catheter in the common bile duct, and then injecting lipopolysaccharides from the other end of the catheter and sealing it. The common bile duct pressure was measured before and at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr after the model was established; similarly, the levels of serum total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hr after the model was established.
    Results
    Pathological examination of liver tissues was carried out at 24 and 72 hr. The common bile duct pressure increased gradually after the operation. Serum levels of TBIL, ALT, and TNF-α in the ACST group progressively increased and were significantly higher than those in the sham-operated group, at each time point (P<0.05).
    Conclusion
    Obvious pathological changes were observed in the liver tissue of rats in the ACST group. This model appears to reflect the early course of human ACST and thus, can be used in postoperative experimental studies of ACST.
    Keywords: Acute cholangitis of severe, type, ALT, Common bile duct pressure, Rat model, TBIL, TNF, α
  • Meng Zhang, Xun Wu, Wei Lu, Yukun Ge, Xiang Wang, Zhiming Cai, Song Wu Pages 1130-1136
    Objective(s)
    Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genetic variants of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), cleft lip and palate transmembrane1-like (CLPTM1L) associated with the risk of bladder cancer. Rs401681 polymorphism in TERT-CLPTM1L was of special interest for bladder cancer risk, whereas the results were inconclusive.
    Materials And Methods
    Publications illustrating the association between rs401681 polymorphism and bladder cancer risk were collected from the Embase, PubMed and Google scholar. Three independent reviewers worked on the data extraction. The meta-analysis was performed by STATA 12.0. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calcu­lated for these data.
    Results
    Six case-control studies were retrieved reporting a total of 9196 bladder cancer patients and 42570 controls. The strength of the relevance between rs401681 polymorphism and bladder cancer risk was evaluated by Stata 12.0 software. Rs401681[C] allele was identified marginally associated with increased bladder cancer risk, with per allele OR of 1.132 (95% CI=1.080-1.187, Pheterogeneity=0.701); in the stratified analysis by ethnicity, the increased cancer risk was revealed in Asian and Caucasian groups. Moreover, we also revealed that rs401681 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in Asian population with three publications under allele model (OR=3.722, 95% CI=1.311-10.568, P=0.014), whereas a decreased risk was identified in homozygote model (OR=0.692, 95 % CI=0.513-0.934, P= 0.016) and recessive model (OR=0.728, 95% CI=0.541-0.980, P=0.036).
    Conclusion
    In summary, our study provided evidence that rs401681 polymorphism is associated with the risk of bladder cancer.
    Keywords: Bladder cancer, Meta, analysis, Polymorphism, TERT, CLPTM1L rs401681
  • Wei Zhang, Zhanjiang Yu, Fengchun Deng Pages 1137-1142
    Objective(s)
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Noggin on high glucose-induced apoptosis and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells.
    Materials And Methods
    Different concentrations of glucose were used to examine their effects on INS-1 rat beta cells in vitro. When specific siRNA targeting Noggin and recombinant Noggin were added, apoptosis and insulin secretion were measured, respectively to determine their effects in INS-1 cells.
    Results
    Glucose stimulated the expression of Noggin in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of Noggin further increased apoptosis and reduced insulin secretion when INS-1 cells were exposed to high glucose. Conversely, administration of recombinant Noggin significantly reduced apoptotic cell number, and promoted insulin secretion. Finally, treatment with inhibitor of Smad phosphorylation exerted similar effects on cell apoptosis and insulin production to Noggin administration in glucose-treated INS-1 cells.
    Conclusion
    Our findings indicate that Noggin inhibits apoptosis and promotes insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells through the inhibition of Smad signaling. Gene therapy of delivering Noggin may facilitate the treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Keywords: Apoptosis_Insulin_Noggin_Pancreatic beta cell_Smad_Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Zohreh Nasiri, Hamid Reza Sameni, Abedin Vakili, Morteza Jarrahi, Mahdi Zahedi Khorasani Pages 1143-1146
    Objective(s)
    The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nutritional saffron (Crocus sativus L.) stigma hydroalcoholic extract on blood pressure (BP) and histology of the aorta in normotensive and hypertensive rats.
    Materials And Methods
    Saffron (200 mg/kg/day) was given orally for 5 weeks to normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 40 mg/kg/day) administration in drinking water, and BP was measured weekly. Histological examination of the thoracic aorta included staining with hematoxylin and eosin, orcein, and periodic acid Schiff methods.
    Results
    Saffron had no effect on normotensive rats, but on hypertensive rats, prevented BP elevation form the third week of treatment (P<0.001). Furthermore, saffron reduced the cross-section area, media thickness, and elastic lamellae number of the aorta (P<0.05).
    Conclusion
    Nutritional saffron prevented BP increases and remodeling of the aorta in hypertensive rats. It may be useful for preventing hypertension.
    Keywords: Aorta, Histology, Hypertension, L, NAME, Saffron
  • Masoud Soheili, Mostafa Rezaei Tavirany, Mahmoud Salami Pages 1147-1152
    Objective(s)
    Neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with profound deficits in synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. Long-term potentiation (LTP), an experimental form of synaptic plasticity, is intensively examined in hippocampus. In this study we evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) on induction of LTP in the CA1 area of hippocampus. In response to stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals the baseline or tetanized field extracellular postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded in the CA1 area.
    Materials And Methods
    The electrophysiological recordings were carried out in four groups of rats; two control groups including the vehicle (CON) and lavender (CE) treated rats and two Alzheimeric groups including the vehicle (ALZ) and lavender (AE) treated animals.
    Results
    The extract inefficiently affected the baseline responses in the four testing groups. While the fEPSPs displayed a considerable LTP in the CON animals, no potentiation was evident in the tetanized responses in the ALZ rats. The herbal medicine effectively restored LTP in the AE group and further potentiated fEPSPs in the CE group.
    Conclusion
    The positive effect of the lavender extract on the plasticity of synaptic transmission supports its previously reported behavioral effects on improvement of impaired spatial memory in the Alzheimeric animals.
    Keywords: Hippocampus, Lavandula angustifolia, LTP, Synaptic transmission