فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 26، تابستان 1394)

Two Persian capitals, Susa and Persepolis are well known among scholar of ancient history of Iran. While both capitals have had an important position during the Achaemenid and, but the name of Susa has been mentioned more frequently than that of Persepolis in ancient texts, in particular by Greeks historian and Old Testament. In this paper, it has been tried, based on Achaemenid Inscriptions, in particular Susa inscriptions, Persepolis Fortification Tablets in Elamite, Old Testament, Greek Historians and Achaemenid Rock-Reliefs from this period to examine the Importance position of Susa and its familiarity in ancient times in comparison with the Persepolis. For his purpose in this paper first we will have look at the constructional buildings at Susa and Persepolis and then will try to show that in contrast to general view, it seems Susa has been more known that Persepolis during Achaemenid period.

Dream-interpreters are one kind of literary texts which are divided into two categories: 1-interpretation of a dream 2- explanation of a dream. Qajar era, is one of considerable historical periods in dream-interpreter writing. In this period, written dream-interpreters also contain critical, political and social contents. From among these dream-interpreters we can refer to Etemad Saltane’s Ecstasy, Seid Jamal-A-Din’s True Dream, Mohammad Hassane TajereKashani’s True Dream and Molla Fathalie Esfehani’s Wonderful Dream. In each of these dream-interpreters, the writer, choosing a certain style, expresses social-political issues in the form of a dream and meanwhile poses his modern and constitutionalistic thoughts. The present paper, which is organized based on history researches - studies the content of dream-interpreters and also the purpose of their writers in a descriptive-analytic way.

The fall of Isfahan in 1135 A.H/1722 A.D followed with the fall of Safavids. In this situation, different groups endeavored to take power by providing social grounds. These groups tried not only to take advantages of Safavid's legitimacy, but also to weaken the power of the legitimacy of this dynasty. In such condition, Nadir wined to be pioneer in preparing social grounds by employing his military and political activities. Legitimacy_ seeking efforts of Nadir were a continuous process that led to the most significant social change of the first half of twelfth century, i.e. the elimination of Safavids. Undoubtedly, thesocial grounds of this change were the activities of Nadir in society which dramatically suffered after fall of Isfahan. This research is a social history one which aims to explain the attempts of Nadir for providing the social grounds of his sovereignty and considers this issue by employing descriptive- analytical method. The results of this study demonstrate that although Nadir could take power by military achievements, establishment of council of Dasht-e Moqan and control of this council by various trends, he was unable to establish stable government. Thus, his activities are regarded as a social change and could not make a great change in society of Iran notably in principles of government's legitimacy.

Shekh al-Islam was one of the most significant religious positions during Safavid era. One of the functions of this position was spreading of religious jurisprudence and Shiite beliefs in court and the center of provinces. Seemingly, the appointment for this position was inheritable based on the choice of king and Sadr. The candidate must not only have scientific competences and public acceptance but also inherit this position from his father. Shekh al-Islams were in charge of such affairs including regulation of situation, dismissal and appointment of political and military system, engaged in religious jurisprudence system, fulfill of contracts(vaghf nameh), the economical and constructional activities and removal of social crisesof Kerman. Besides, some of them had effective role in estimation of rate of agricultural products by taking possession of farmlands andalso avoided to pay tax to government. Shekh al-Islam not onlywere not satisfied with their position as representatives of Safavid's government but also endeavored to get promotion by making intrigue and conspiracy in court. The result of such activities was not positive for Safavid's government. This article aims to analyze the socio-political functions ofShekh al-Islam position in Kerman at the end of Safavid era based on analytical-descriptive approach by employing studies

The prophet marked on a career of the political reforms, the cultural and the social in medina that in the economical ground, adopted the extended politics in development of trade and reconstruction of markets. By basical and reformist measures, the trade and commercial affairs in long terms period, leaved from the jewa monopoly. By encouraging the Muslims in import and export and trading declared forbidden all kinds of receiving taxes from Muslims markets and considered merchants as holy warriors in the way of the god and internal and external trade developed on based the Islam rules among tribes and neighbor countries. He caused the economical flourishing of madineh by important decisions and innovations, development of the society welfare level. In continuing of measures, the especial effort of the prophet in compilation of the correct and smart and practical, the horestall, usurping and trading some goods like wine became forbidden, Cheating in deals declared illicit and the special order and serenity has been ruled in the Muslims markets. In this essay with regarding to library studies and on based on the descriptive and analytic methods, we are going to consider the economical religious politics of the prophet in madineh and the importance of its role in developing of trade and commerce.

The new style schools in the late Qajar Grft.ayn momentum to schools by businesses, political and cultural figures were established administration.During the first side of a broad effort to transform the country's cultural institutions, cultural Shd.dgrgvny with the rapid growth of new institutions aimed at the disintegration of traditional institutions run by the government. From among many cultural institutions were established during this period, schools Expatriates of the country.One of the most important schools of Iranians in Iraq

Present paper deals with studying of Sasanian taxation system and one of the most important social and economical events of Iran history. In Sasanian taxation system, tax and poll tax consisted the most important income source of kingdom. Fluctuation in taxation incomes, lack of regular and fixed system, difficulty in managing of budget and oppression to farmers encouraged Kawād to execute the policy of changing in paying of tax. Khosrow was who took this policy and changed the manner of tax paying from crop-shares/ Moqāsama to surveying or measurement/Misāha. Changing in manner of payment had sever link with the rehabilitation of agriculture, improvement of irrigation and the situation of kingdom’s lands, and related to ancient manner had the considerable advantages for crown. This paper decides to analyze this question that what did Sasanian taxation system use the manner of paying before khosrow and what had advantages the new manner for farmers and kingdom.