نشریه غرب شناسی بنیادی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان 1394)

concerns the possibilities for agency and revolt in his perspective. In addition, these scholars have debated whether his stance on the Iranian revolution can in any way be compatible with his theories on power and freedom. In this essay, I will study the possibilities for freedom and subjectivity in Foucault’s works, especially his Iran writings. According to Michel Foucault, when power has pervaded every sphere of human life, an important possibility for subjectivity can be found in “spiritual exercises” – a series of exercises for self-cultivation. The Iranian revolution represented these spiritual exercises, since many revolutions were engaged in internal self-fashioning as well as external change. The French scholar believed that, because of its esoteric teachings, Shi’ite Islam provided these chances for freedom. Clearly, these conclusions were not easily acceptable for the Western audience, who are not accustomed to these categories.

Wir leben in einer Welt, in der eine doppelte gegenläufe Bewegung von Globalisierung und Regionalisierung vor sich geht. Die Religion ist in einem noch vor wenigen Jahren unvorstellbaren Ausmaß wieder präsent. Das sichtbaste Anzeichen einer Änderung war Islamismus. Eine der wichtigen Kulturen, die sich als religiöse Kultur aufzeigt und darüber viele Mißverständnisse gibt, ist Islam. Etwa 1,2 Milliarden Muslime leben zu Beginn des dritten Jahrtausends auf der Erde. „Wir haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten einen wachsenden Interesse an dem Islam miterleben, das mit jedem globalen Ereignis unter den Namen Islam, iranische Revolution (1979) oder Zunahme der islamische Bewegungen in Palästine usw. gesteigert. Diese steigende Interesse steht seit dem tragischen Ereignissen des 11. September 2001 auf einem nie der gewesenen Nieveau“.

Michel Foucault was a contemporary philosopher with a global influence. He proposed serious critiques to the earlier intellectuals and was also influenced by many of them. The present study will only examine the epistemic principles of his genealogy through answering questions such as “how did Foucault define the truth? What path did he take to get to the truth? Was Foucault a relativist? In what domain was he a relativist and what was the basis of his relativism?” The analysis of the epistemic principles of genealogy showed that Foucault remained loyal to the theory of Coherentism in defining the truth through both stages. Moreover, in genealogy had nominalistic approaches and Foucault's choice of the varieties of relativism was ontological relativism and epistemological relativism. Loyal to Nietzsche and his ontological-relativist approaches, he extended the relativism maintained in genealogy and emphasized that, during every period in history, power determines the truth or falsehood of premises through discourse.

Happiness is one of the deep rooted and fundamental issues and problems. This problem is linked to various dimensions of human life. Therefore it was surveyed in many aspects. In modern times, some scholars, such as John Locke surveyed this subject and struggled with its difficulties. John Locke faced with problems like as pleasure and pain, moral principles, behavioral rationality, criterion of good and bad, and also community, religious institutions, government and law. He combined a naturalistic account of happiness with a religious and moral account of it, and also resolved to obstacles and conflicts on collective life. He also emphasized on rationality, tolerance, law and civic government. This paper study and reconstruct Locke's efforts on analyzing happiness and resolving its dilemmas in theory and social practice arenas.

The major problem of the present article is to explain McDowell’s attempt to determine conditions knowledge must satisfy if it is to be an objective knowledge, and to explain McDowell’s procedure to prove how our intellectual activity can make us answerable to reality. By explaining these conditions, in fact, McDowell’s solution for the epistemological problem of relationship between mind and world is considered. In this respect, his ideas along two axes are put forward: first, his therapeutic analysis about the causes of arising this problem. And second, positive ideas showing his specific attitude to world, mind, naturalism in philosophy of mind, and the position of experience in the order of justification.

This essay wants to consider this critique of Sandel that one introduction of difference principle in distribution of possession which says no one deserves his possessions and endowments in society, so this possessions should be regarded as common assets and all in the society should be share in the benefits of this endowments, is involved a communitarian concept of self wich is more extended owner than individual one. This kind of self can be called communitarian self and contradicts with individualism and deontological liberalism in the view of Rawls, sandel says.Nozick critiques Rawls’s difference principle also. He says that difference principle requires take tax from riches to help disadvantage members of society and this causes that we use benefites of riches’s labor arbitrary and it is to say that we make them slave in this way. It is appearent this action is in contradiction with individual freedom. Nozick belives that because redistributive of asset is not acceptable for liberalism, there is no necessary to based on difference principle to redistribute in society.we should allow anybody to start with endowments which achieves them in a just way.Here with analysis and evaluate of this two objects, it want to be explained the characters of difference principle more than the past.

Along with composing the Iliad, the Odyssey, and the Works and Days, Homer and Hesiod did not only create everlasting works, but they rhymed such a mythical world from which Greek culture emerged and flourished. For this reason, Greeks did not understand their poets and especially these two poets as mere their artists but moreover, saw them as their mentors. Thus, it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the mythical world of these two poets and its essential concepts for knowing the Greek culture in general and its literature and philosophy in particular. The purpose of this paper is to examine these concepts to clear that the Greek culture and thought was shaped on what conception of relation between god and human.