فصلنامه پژوهش تطبیقی حقوق اسلام و غرب
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1393)

The protocol of transmission of sentenced persons is one new concept in the field of International Criminal Law. Under some conditions, sentenced person with an irrevocable judgment in a foreign country may be delivered to his or her country. In this case, having recognized its validity and consequences, the national government implements that judgment. By transition of this prisoner to his or her country, the rehabilitative costs will reduce and the effects are performed better, while at the same time human rights is also being observed. Notwithstanding these advantages and disadvantages, Iran has signed this transmission protocol with only ten countries. International Treaties on the transmission of sentenced persons is not against the Islamic jurisprudence.

In this paper we review the conflict within Article 183 and Article 338 of Iranian Civil Code. The source of this conflict lies in the major role that obligation and the possessory nature of the contract of sales play in defining contracts. However, as this kind of conflict may also be observed between all other possessory contracts that have been referred in Civil Code, we have analyzed this aspect with some other articles of Civil Code even in the field of marriage contracts. This conflict has not been taken into account in much of the earlier literature on civil law. Nonetheless, many contemporary prominent jurists and famous authors have focused on this conflict, providing an effect on the notion of obligation in the Western law. Our aim in this article is then to provide a critical study of the conflict and to provide solutions for it. We offer the best interpretation with an emphasis on the distinction between the concept of obligation in Islamic jurisprudence and in the Western legal systems.

Setoff is one of the effective measures to avoid prolonged processes in mutual transactions. Where two parties owe each other money or other obligations of same kind, either of the parties may counterbalance, of setoff, its obligations against that of the other. This may include: mutuality or reciprocity of the obligation, its homogeneity, certainty, and the due date. Based on the method of its performance, there are three types of setoff: unilateral setoff, procedural setoff, and also set off by an agreement. It is also is divided into independent and transactional setoff. There are statutory, contractual and procedural setoffs in the Iranian Law. In Shiite jurisprudence, one may find taqaas as equivalence to the term setoff. Conditions and effects of setoff are quite similar in the three domains but there are also differences in implementing it and its effects.

Impossibility of performance in a contract is one of the basic conditions that render a contact null and void. Since the ultimate goal of all contracts is to fulfill a contractual promise, any type of commitment that is impossible to fulfill should be regarded null and void under this rule. This type of failure in a contract has been under careful scrutiny not only in the Islamic Jurisprudence and the Iranian law but also in foreign legal systems. Therefore, several theories have been allocated to this field. As such, in Common Law, any failure by the parties to fulfill a contractual promise due to the breach of contract or any cancellation of the aims of the contract has been considered as one of the reasons for the failure to implement a contract. Therefore, in this article, having examined the theories available in the Common Law, we analyze this case in the Iranian Law based on the Islamic Jurisprudence.

However, criminal interpretation is regarded as the main factor which makes the courts issue different judgments, the legislator have not defined the nature of interpretation in the law yet. Probably, the lawmaker considers interpretation as a personal matter that each person has his own interpretive method. But the right of appeal against the lower criminal courts to the appeal courts, and making all the courts bound to follow the same judicial precedence by the Supreme Court, show that the criminal interpretation has the general principles. In this article, the author has tried to make clear the criteria and factors of the interpretation. The Muslim legislature should make Islamic penal code according to the belief in the Divine will (monotheism); therefore, similarly the Muslim judge should understand the criminal text in accordance with the desire of God Almighty. Since without understanding the purpose of the lawmaker, the judge may not interpret the text of law, then in his interpretive process, he must rely upon these three elements: the criminal interpretive theory, sources and rules. With the science of interpretation (hermeneutics), the judge can infer the ways of knowledge of legislature`s purposes from the interpretive sources; these ways are the general rules of the linguistics and the special interpretive rules.

In modern societies, female trafficking has taken an organized and systematic form and has found a global spread. This process of global spread, together with an increase in the smuggling due to the economical issue of poverty are among the elements that play a role in female trafficking, resulting in sex slavery and prostitution, while at the same time it takes human dignity and moral heath at a serious risk. As a result, this offence results in social, cultural and moral repercussions in different societies. With a comparative approach, the present study reviews this problem from a legal and jurisprudential point of view, taking a look at the Iranian rules and regulations as well as the relevant international documents. Following some international developments, the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (also referred to as the Trafficking Protocol or UN TIP Protocol) was rarified by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000. Meanwhile, reports of women and children from Iran having trafficked to some neighboring countries caused the Act against Human Trafficking to be rarified quickly in Iran in 2005 (1383 a. h.). The present study has an attempt to show that the Iranian legislator has merely taken penal measures, while it has neglected preventive and suppressive ones. It has even neglected the relevant policies. This is while the international documents not only penalize this kind of smuggling; they also take non-criminal, preventive measures as well.

Basically justice has different philosophical, ethical and legal aspects, but the evaluation of its implementation in various social processes requires objective standards. Judicial justice also requires to be fair and objective. Objectiveness of judicial proceedings requires that all facts be considered under previously established rules and procedures in order to make justice to be done. In other words, judicial proceedings is a way to discover the truth, and this can be ensured only through specific method consisting of specific rules and regulations, as in any other scientific research whose goal is to reach to the truth. So there is no way except due processes to ensure justice and fairness in judicial proceedings. And this is the main important means to secure basic rights and freedoms of human beings. The present work considers the significance of a fair trial, the importance of due process and procedural justice from the view point of the Islamic judicial doctrine. It attempts to illustrate fair trial and its procedural requirements have been strongly recommended by Islamic judicial doctrine.