نشریه اختلالات ارتباطی گفتار و زبان
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Speech is a widespread system. There are many factors to consider when looking at the quality of speech. Various environmental factors influence the development of language; this study evaluates two of the speech quality indexes such as total number of words and the mean length of 5 long utterances، as well as examining the role of maternal education on them. This is a descriptive analytical study. 90 female students of the first grade were assessed in three groups. Groups were defined based on the educational level of the mother. The one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were used for data analysis. Mean speech sample size and the mean length of 5 long utterances are respectively 84. 64 (words per minute) and 7. 85 words. There is a significant strong correlation between the two variables (r2>0. 7، P<0. 05). Mothers education effects both variables (P<0. 05). It seems that succeeding vowels significantly influence the VOT of stop consonants in normal Farsi and Semnani dialects.

Prevalence of voice disorders is very high in teachers and vocal fatigue is the most common of them. It is very common to offer herbal drugs to treat voice disorders. On the other hand; voice hygiene is the first step to treat most voice diseases. We study ginseng’s effect compared to voice hygiene to improve vocal fatigue in teachers. In This study teachers were screened with questionnaires. If each person answered to five of them، she/he was chosen as one of our samples. Samples have been checked with a physician to prevent side effects. We record the samples voices at two times (pre and post intervention). PRRAT software was used for analysis of voices. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Reduced signs of fatigue and improved acoustic components are seen. Signs of fatigue fell from 10/28 to 9/28. Average jitter was reduced from 4/14 to 1/28، which shows an improvement in sound. Average shimmer went from 21/87 to 13/53 after voice hygiene was reduced. This reduction shows positive affect on sound. One of the most important improvement indexes is increased harmonic to noise where after the program changed from 98/3 to 77/16، showing a good increase. The findings suggest that the treatment plan based on the voice hygiene is effective on the voice disorder. Probably ginseng consumption will not be effective in improving voice disorders.

Children try to pronounce various terms through normal linguistic growth. But in this process they sometimes repeat some parts of words or have a little pause or murmur of unknown voices. This non-disfluency could be normal or may be abnormal، which may lead to stuttering. This research is an attitude comparison between 4 to 6 years old that have normal non-disfluency or stuttering. Research is as type of Basic and Applied. The research samples are children between 4 to 6 years old which have normal non-disfluency or stuttering. The research tool is the attitude part of a questionnaire for disfluency Assessment Procedure for Children (DAPC) which contains 10 questions. First of all، 14 children with stutters and 12 children with normal non-disfluency have been selected. The selection is based on Ambrose & Yari measure formula. The questions have been enquired in the parent''s interview session. The data which is obtained from the questionnaire will be registered and the child''s score determined. Observation of data frequency، in two distinct groups using Mann-Whiteny test، shows that the mean and summation of ranks in normal non-disfluency children are 12. 25 and 147 respectively. For the children who have stuttering these values are 24. 04 and 673 (P<0. 05). The research outcomes show that the scores obtained from two different groups have a significant difference as an attitude point of view. The communication attitude of the children with stuttering is more negative than the children who have normal non-disfluency.

Language development in the beginning of life and childhood is mainly based on hearing sense. So، deficiency in this sense can cause some problems، which are different based on the type and rate of hearing-impairment. Speech intelligibility is described as the ability to understand speech; speech disorder recognition is one of them. The main objective of this study is comparison of listener''s ability to understand speech in an environment with or without noise of hearing- impaired children. Furthermore، we also aim to score the listener’s ability to understand the use of speech. This study is a descriptive، analytical، short term one، which was performed on a group of available 20 children with hearing impairment between the ages of 36-72 months. 30 word images were shown to child in noiseless environments and sound samples of children were recorded by an audio recording device and the sound samples were then played for the selected listeners. The listeners were asked to hear the words that were recorded. Then those sound samples were combined with noise and after 8 days were played for the same listeners and the process was repeated. The listener''s ability to understand the speech of children was analyzed. Finally، the data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Once the speech intelligibility scoring test (word images) was performed the average resolution of listener''swas calculated. The average resolution of all words in the resolution was 37/40 and 40/71. Average listener''s ability to understand words in the noise-free environment compared to the noisy environment was much better. As a result the listener''s ability to understand children’s speech with hearing loss in a noiseless environment is more than a listener''s ability to understand the same children’s speech in an environment with noise.

Outcomes of acoustic parameters، and jitters، in two groups with woman having laryngopharyngeal reflux and normal woman are compared and studied. Evaluation of these parameters is a good acoustic evaluation. Reflux is an important factor for organic voice disorder، so in this research jitters، as an acoustic parameter، is studied. The effects of reflux in a lot of aspects in Iran were researched. We evaluated acoustic parameters of normal woman and woman between ages 30 to 50 years old with laryngopharyngeal reflux (n=15) to study and compare these parameters on voice using Dr. Speech software in an acoustic room. So it is analyzed by statistical software. Woman with reflux were chosen by Reflux symptom index. After we gathered information about acoustic parameters from Dr. Speech software for the two subject groups، statistical analyses found jitters to be a significant difference for acoustic parameters. The results showed 0/382 women with laryngopharyngeal reflux with a standard deviation of 0/27 and 0/198 for normal women with a standard deviation of 0/06. Jitters has the most influence compared to other parameters on affecting the larynx. Any disorder in this parameter is an indication of a voice disorder. Therefore، early diagnosis and treatment of this disorder is vital.

Oropharyngeal dysphagia is one of the major problems after stroke. Dysphagia in stroke patients has many complications such as malnutrition، dehydration and aspiration pneumonia. Thus early diagnosis and intervention of dysphagia in these patients is very important. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dysphagia after stroke among in-Patients in hospitals of Mashhad. In this study، 190 patients with stroke were studied in Ghaem، Emam Reza، Emdadi، 17Shahrivar and EmamZaman hospitals of Mashhad. They were screened by the Northwestern Dysphagia Patient Check Sheet to evaluate aspiration، oral and pharyngeal dysphagia. The data were analyzed by paired T- test and measure of central value. The results of this study indicated that76 male (69/7 percent) from 109 and 59 female (72/8 percent) from 59 had dysphagia. There was no significant relationship between sex and dysphagia according to the paired T-test (p=0/64، p>0/05). There was no significant relationship between age and dysphagia also (p=0/203، p>0/05). Our findings suggested that dysphagia as a concomitant problem with stroke، had a high prevalence. We should pay more attention to its early diagnosis and intervention.

Language is one of humans'' unique features and a product of one’s mind. We can categorize language into understanding language and expressive language. Expressive language includes speaking and writing. Also، reading and writing are two important language processes which have effective roles in communication as well as general knowledge. The key for success in social reading and writing skills are reading and writing functions. Individuals who have become hearing impaired from birth or later in life، or children during their first five years of life who haven’t acquired these skills، have developed this problem. In this study، we want to understand how hearing impaired individuals can read. Moreover، we aim to identify the characteristics of children who have profound hearing loss but ultimately learn to read successfully. This study is a descriptive and analytical study of 31 pairs of elementary school children، as available، with moderate to severe hearing loss. Initially، the children’s voices were recorded as they read 25 random sentences، then the recording was played، and the listeners wrote down what they heard. After 25 days had passed the same 25 sentences were recorded and analyzed by the same listeners. The obtained data was disclosed in each child’s file. Finally، the data was analyzed and studied for calculation of average and standard deviations as well as a comparison of reading and writing skills. The results showed significant differences between achieved scores in environments with or without noise. According to the data obtained، the children reading the sentences for the repeated trial showed better intelligibility than reading the sentences for the first time.