Epidemiology and Health System Journal
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Summer 2015

Every year, millions of Muslims from all over the world, are going to participate in the pilgrimage Hajj located in Mecca in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The accumulation of many people from all parts of the world in terms of health management is of great importance. In fact, every person could be a carrier of various chronic or acute diseases. This huge population may lead to occurrence of several epidemics, especially respiratory infections. Iran, as one of the biggest muslem countries in the Middle East will annually send many people to Mecca. In 2015, more than 65 Thousands of Iranian pilgrims Hajj went to the Mecca. The management of disease is mainly for the symptoms; for example, patients with breathing difficulties would be supported with a machine to provide extra oxygen, or be given medication for fever. There is no vaccine yet; and in the best-case scenario, it would take at least three years to develop one.

Laryngospasm and vomiting occurring after tracheal extubation in children is potentially dangerous. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preoperative 0.5 mg/kg i.v. Dexamethasone on the incidence of postextubation laryngospasm, and vomiting in children after tonsillectomy. This study was performed at the Ilam Imam Khomeini hospital, IR, during the year 2009. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 66 pediatric patients 4-12 years (Dexamethasone group, n=33- placebo group, n=33) undergoing tonsillectomy received IV placebo (saline) or Dexamethasone, 0.5mg/kg IV after the induction of anesthesia before surgery. The incidence of postextubation laryngospasm and vomiting was recorded by the an investigator. All collected data were analyzed with using the statistical software (SPSS, Ver.16). Mean age in Dexamethasone group 6.4±2.2, placebo group 6.1±2.8. Mean weight in Dexamethasone group 19.2±5.3, placebo group 20.3± 6.8 (p>0.05). Mean duration of anesthesia in Dexamethasone group 57.4 ±7.4 min, placebo group 55.6±4.6min. Mean duration of surgery in Dexamethasone group 40.7±6.7min, placebo group 42.3 ±8.4min (p>0.05). The incidence of postextubation laryngospasm in Dexamethasone group (6%) was lower than that in the placebo group (30%) (p

Finding the safe location of spinal cord for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during surgical procedures is very important due to its various nature for each patient as well as its potential peripheral nervous system hazards. The aim of this study was to find the relationship between the location of conus medullaris (CM) and gender, age and body mass index (BMI) in order to minimize the potential diagnostic errors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T1-weighted sagittal spin echo sequences of the lumbar spine was studied in 350 patients older than 20 years, whom had been referred for imaging in order to assess the potential causes of low back pain of the lumbar spine, and were referred to Shahid Chamran MRI center in Sanandaj, located in the west of Iran in 2014. The results were compared with international standards to reveal the potential errors. In different age groups, the mean position was variable ranging from T12-L1 intervertebral disc to upper part of L1 middle third, not clinically significant. The inter canal position of the spinal cord was toward dorsal. No significant relationship was found between CM and gender, age as well as BMI. Similar relationship was found for the spinal cord position in spinal column. There is a safe region of 2–4 vertebral bodies and intervertebral spaces during spinal block. It means that the variation of CM position and its end level could be a guidance to realize that why neurological symptoms may vary in different patients.

accident is the secondary cause of mortality in Iran, background of its occurrence and mortality are not wholly understood. The aim of this paper is to explain seasonal occurrence and mortality pattern of traffic accidents in Isfahan population, Iran This study is a cross-sectional analytic study. We extracted data on traffic accidents for Isfahan Province from the Ministry of Health (MOH). For analysis independent t test, ANOVA test, chi-square test was used. To calculate the odds ratio of death in hospital from traffic accidents, logistic regression model was used The highest hospital admission for traffic accidents was seen during the summer and lowest during the autumn, they increased 43.35%, 97.8% and 03.5% during the spring, summer and winter, respectively than the autumn. odds ratio for death from traffic accident during spring were (1.88 CI 95% 0.98-1.42), summer (1.4 CI95% 1.18-1.67) and in autumn (1.4 CI95% 1.15-1.7),in male were (1.33 CI95% 1.15-1.54) and in age group 21-40 were (1 CI95% 0.87-1.16),41-60 (1.62 CI95% 1.36-1.92),61≥(3.94 CI95% 3.3-4.71) and in out of urban-rural (2.44 CI95% 2.09-2.85),rural (3.1 CI95% 2.64-3.64) and in motor vehicles(1.5 CI95% 1.3-1.73)and in pedestrians(1.76 CI95% 1.5-2.06) There are seasonal variations in occurrence and mortality due to traffic accidents. The highest occurrence of traffic accident was during summer, and the lowest rate in autumn. The highest in hospital mortality rate was observed in summer and the lowest in winter. After adjusting the model, the risk of in-hospital mortality was significant for gender,age,season, type of accidents and accident place

The mortality rate for breast cancer is directly related to the stage of disease at diagnosis. The present study aimed to determine the influencing factors on knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women regarding breast cancer and its screening methods. In a cross- sectional study, evaluated 383 women referring health centers of Ilam. Sampling was done in two stages. The inclusion criteria were included healthy women with least literate. Data was collected by a two part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and knowledge, attitudes and practices of women regarding breast cancer and its screening methods. Data were analyzed by chi-square and t-test in SPSS-16 software and a significance level of 0.05. The Mean ± SD knowledge score was 22.43 ± 11.01. The Mean ± SD attitude and performance score were 29.08 ± 3.34 and 3.52 ± 1.66 respectively. There was a significant correlation between age, occupation and education with knowledge, attitude and practice of women about breast cancer and its screening methods (P< 0.05). There wasn’t a significant relationship between the marital status, history of benign breast disease and family history with knowledge, attitudes and practices about breast cancer and screening methods, (P> 0.05). However, half of the participants had good knowledge about breast cancer and screening procedures, but also, all participants with good knowledge hadn’t good practice. Therefore, it is necessary further training to enhance awareness and more research to identifying barriers to women's performance.

Laron syndrome, is a disease that treated by IGF-1. This protein is a single chain and has three disulfide bonds. People with Laron syndrome have low rates of cancer and diabetes, although they appear to be at increased risk of casual death due to their stature. IGF-1 is synthesized by many tissues and is secreted from liver as an endocrine hormone which is transmitted to other tissues. IGF-1 is responsible for cell differentiation, transformation, suppression of apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and differentiation. Expression system, the igf-1 gene, codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC contents are very critical for the large scale production of this protein. Current study was aimed to Optimization and Construction of human Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Gene in E. coli DH5α. we used DNA2 and ProtParam softwares for designing the best form to produce IGF-1. First the coding sequence was verified and then synthesized. For confirmation of the pUC18-IGF-1, sequencing test was carried out using M13 reverse primer. Finally it was inserted into the cloning site of pUC18. vector. After coding optimization, the CAI rate was increased from 84 % to 90% and GC content from 55.07 % to 56.62%. The presence of the band near 225bp resulted from enzymatic digestion with two restriction enzymes demonstrates the correct cloning of the recombinant vectors in the cloning site of pUC18 cloning vector. According to software and experimental analysis, the designed sequence probably in the best form could be used for production of recombinant protein.

Burden of HIV and AIDS is considerably different among regions and countries of the world. The aim of this study was to assess of inequality in the prevalence of HIV, according to human development index among countries of the world. In this study the desired outcome was prevalence of HIV, which estimated in 100 countries in 2012. The annual report of UNAIDS was used for prevalence of HIV in countries. Also, we used data for the human development index of the countries from UNDP. We defined inequality of human development index in the prevalence of HIV by using the concentration index. Concentration index for prevalence of HIV among 25-49 years adults was -0.217574 (95% CI: -0.07422, -0.361125). This index indicated the inequality in the prevalence of HIV base on the human development index and concentrating more HIV subjects in poor countries. Also concentration indexes in the prevalence of HIV among young males and females were 0.229920 and -0.200014 respectively. Results of this study emphasized on inequality in the prevalence of HIV and concentration HIV in countries with lower human development index, so the international organization must perform fundamental actions to help these countries, such as prevention, care and treatment programs.

IL-22 is an α-helical cytokine.IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1subunits.IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells and it is absent on immune cells.iL-22 and IL-10 receptor chains play a role in cellular targeting and signal transduction to selectively initiate and regulate immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the Role of Interleukin(IL22)in Immune Response in human diseases.This study was a mini-review research to investigate The Role of Thelper22(Th22)in Immune Response.IL-22 can contribute to immune disease through the stimulation of inflammatory responses, S100s and defensins.IL-22 also promotes hepatocyte survival in the liver and epithelial cells in the lung and gut similar to IL-10.In some contexts, the pro-inflammatory versus tissue-protective functions of IL-22 are regulated by the often co-expressed cytokine IL-17A.IL-22 can Innate regulation of antimicrobial proteins. targeting the IL-22–IL-22R pathway may yield new therapeutic potential for the treatment of certain human diseases IL-22 is expressed constitutively by LTi-like cells within the small intestine, a tissue that is under the careful immune balance between inflammation and tolerance. Gaining a better understanding of the expression and role of IL-22 in health and disease is important for development of IL-22 as a potential drug target IL-22 is expressed constitutively by LTi-like cells within the small intestine,a tissue that is under the careful immune balance between inflammation and tolerance.Gaining a better understanding of the expression and role of IL-22 in health and disease is important for development of IL-22 as a potential drug target.