نشریه سوخت و ساز و فعالیت ورزشی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 10-week negative energy balance (NEB) methods on adipocyte size and adiponectin levels in different abdominal fat depots as well as glucose and lipid variables and insulin resistance in high-fat-diet obese male wistar rats. Study sample were consisted of sixty-four Wistar male rats (average weight; 194.5±12.6g). Blood samples were collected at 1st, 18th and 28th weeks after an overnight fasting. After first sampling, remaining 56 rats were randomly divided into control (n=16) and high-fat-diet (n=40) groups. After 18 weeks High-fat-diet group randomly divided into high-fat-diet (HFD) and negative energy balance consisted of calorie restriction, exercise training and combination (exercise training with calorie restriction) subgroups. Negative energy balance subgroups underwent an aerobic training (running) with intensity of 70 to 75% of VO2max, %25 calorie restriction and interval of both methods for 10 weeks. Adiponectin Levels and adipocyte size in retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat depots, insulin and glucose levels and lipid profile were measured. HOMA-IR was also calculated. The results of this study indicated that in comparison to high-fat-diet, negative energy balance methods despite consumption of high fat diet, decreased adipocyte size in retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat depots (P<0.05) and insulin resistance index improved in line with decrease of serum concentrations of insulin, glucose and triglyceride in obese male rats (P<0.05). However although lipid profile improved, only triglyceride concentration significantly decreased (P<0.05). From negative energy balance subgroups only combination showed significant increase in adiponectin levels of studied depots compared to high-fat-diet (P>0.05). This study indicated that negative energy balance methods can actually decrease adipocyte size of retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat depots even with simultaneous consumption of high-fat-diet which is largely congruent with improvement in lipid and metabolic profile Results also indicate a superiority of aerobic training in improving the lipid profile compare to other NEB methods.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in plasma C reactive protein (CRP) and Serum amyloid A (SAA) levels following 8 weeks of circuit resistance training in obese men. Twenty six obese men (age; 36.8±7.9 yr, weight; 92.8±10.8 kg, and BMI; 31.5±2.8 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in this study, and were divided into control (n=13) and resistance training (n=13) groups. Subjects in training group performed eight weeks circuit resistance training with 50-85% 1RM (3 days/week). Anthropometrics parameters, as well as plasma levels of CRP and SAA were measured at the baseline and at the end of study. Eight weeks of resistance training induced significant reduction in body weight, BMI and body fat percentage (P≤0.05). Significant reduction in plasma CRP concentration was found in compare with control group (P≤0.05). Plasma SAA levels increased in both control and training groups when compared with baseline levels (P≤0.05), But there was no significant difference in SAA levels changes between two groups. The results of this study showed that circuit resistance training decreases plasma CRP levels, associated with improved in body composition in obese men.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic-resistance training on visceral adipose tissue, serum omentin-1 and insulin resistance in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Fifty Female Wistar rats (weight, 180±5g) were divided accidental and according body weight into five groups: SHAM (n=20) and OVX (n=30) groups. OVX rats were subdivided into 2 Ovx+sedentary (Sedentary; n=20) groups and one aerobic-resistance training (Ovx+Exe; n=10) group. Two weeks after surgery, one group of OVX rats and one group of SHAM rats were sacrificed and omentin-1, insulin resistance and visceral fat were measured. The other OVX rats were randomly divided into the following subgroups: 1) OVX and sedentary (Sedentary); 2) OVX and Exercise (Ovx+Exe). The exercise consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic-resistance exercise (3 days/week, 20 m/min, 60 min/day, 10% slope, Load; 3% body weight, attached to tail), three days a week. After complete anesthesia, the abdominal cavity was rapidly opened and blood samples were collected. All intraabdominal fat were dissected out and weighed immediately. Omentin-1 was measured by rat omentin ELISA kit. HOMA-IR was used to estimate the insulin resistance. There was no significant differences between weights means all groups. After two weeks of surgery, there was no significant difference between visceral fat, omentin-1 and HOMA-IR in SHAM2 compared to OVX2. After eight weeks, combined aerobic-resistance training in Ovx+Exe significantly decreased visceral fat gain induced via ovariectomy by 21/4% compared to the level observed in Sedentary; whereas, visceral fat significantly increased by 92.5% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0.05). Omentin-1 increased in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary and SHAM, by56/5% and51/6%, respectively; whereas it was significantly decreased by3/1% in Sedentary compared to SHAM (p<0.05). HOMA-IR induced via ovariectomy significantly decreased by74.7% in Ovx+Exe compared to Sedentary; whereas, it significantly increased by 193.7% in OVX2 compared to SHAM2 (p<0/05). Also, HOMA-IR decreased in Ovx+Exe compared to SHAM2, but it was n ́t significant. 8 week aerobic-resistance training successfully decreased visceral fat and insulin resistance via increasing omentin-1. So, it seems that 8-week aerobic-resistance training with 70-85% Vo2max is suitable for controlling body weight gain, decreasing visceral fat and insulin resistance and increasing omentin-1 in menopause period.

Even in young people, insulin resistance is associated with physical inactivity and obesity. It has been shown that novel insulin resistance indexes have clinical value. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance training on novel insulin resistance indexes in sedentary young obese men. In a semi-experimental study, twenty one sedentary young obese men were randomly placed at two groups: resistance training (n=10, 26.7±3.3 yr, 32.6±2.8 kg/m2) and control (n=11, 27.1±3.1 yr, 32.2±3.3 kg/m2). General characteristics of subjects, serum resistin concentration, and homeostasis model assessment-adiponectin (HOMA-AD), adiponectin-resistin (AR), and (insulin resistance) IRAR indexes were assessed before and after the training. Resistance training protocol consisted of twelve weeks weight training (3 sessions per week, 10 stations, 3 sets 8-12 repetitions in each station, intensity 60-80% of one repetition maximum, rest between sets 1 min and between stations 2 min, duration of main training 65-70 min per each session). Resistance training decreased serum resistin concentration (P<0.05), HOMA-AD (P<0.05), AR (P<0.05) and IRAR (P<0.05), while none of mentioned parameters in control group showed any significant changes. The compartion pre-test and post-test means of these indexes between two groups showed significant differences (P<0.05). Resistance training reduces levels of novel insulin resistance indexes in sedentary young obese men that can have a practical value with regard to prevention against risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases for this population group.

The aquaporin5 (AQP5) is an integral membrane protein that plays an important role in maintaining water homeostasis in the lung. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interval training on AQP5 levels in the lung of Male Wistar rats during puberty. 30 three-week male Wistar rats with average weight of 68±9 g were randomly divided into three groups included; the base, control and training groups. The training group ran on treadmill for 6 weeks (6 per week, 30 minutes each session at a speed of 15 to70 meters per minute). AQP5 levels were measured by ELISA methods. Analyzed is done with two-way ANOVA and LSD test at P<0.05. Results showed significant differences between AQP5 levels of control, base and training groups (P<0.05). While, there were no significant differencesbetween AQP5 levels of control and base groups. Furthermore, six-weeks interval training increased AQP5 levels of lung tissue in exercise group compared to the control group by 229.03 and 284.9 percent. It seems that an Increased interval training can improve the of epithelial cell performance and protect the AQP5 level changes during the puberty, and improve lung liquid homeostasis.

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of creatine loading on some delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) indices (biochemical, functional and superficial) following resistance exercise in male wrestler. Eighteen volunteer male wrestler (age 21.11±1.13 years, body fat 12.67±1.84 %, and BMI 21.96±0.70 kg.m2) were assigned to a randomized and double-blind into two equal creatine (n=10) and placebo (n=10) groups. After six consecutive days supplementation (300 mg.kg-1.day body weight creatine or dextrose), all subjects were participated in one single- session circuit resistance exercise protocol (with 80% 1-RM in 3 sets with 6 repetition) include six station. Changes in muscle soreness indices were determined in three phases (before supplementation phase, immediately and 24 hours after the resistance exercise protocol). Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA, Bonferroni and independent T test at P≤0.05. The results show that the one-session resistance exercise protocol significantly increased the creatine kinase (CK) and perceived muscle soreness index (P≤0.05). Although, the 24-hour of serum CK change ranges in creatine group were significantly less than in placebo group (P≤0.05). While, the 24-hour differences of lower limb’s swelling, flexibility, maximal isometric strength, and explosive power between two groups were not significant. The results of this study showed that the short-term creatine loading leads to attenuate the adverse effects of undesirable muscle soreness indices (serum total CK). Therefore, based on the present results, that creatine loading could reduce the muscle soreness ranges following the resistance exercise.

Aging in women and the incidence of amenorrhea can lead to eating disorders, obesity and dissatisfaction of their body shape. A total of 434 (108 athletes; BMI: 28.27±2.41, and 326 non-athletes; BMI: 35.11±4.13) Iranian women between 35-50 years old, participated in this study. The data were collected via a package that was consisted of questionnaires involving demographic, athletic history, menstrual pattern, eating attitude test-26, (The EAT-26 questionnaire) and female body image scale. The body mass index (BMI) was measured to compare actual, perceived and ideal body sizes Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U and Spearman correlation. The finding showed that there was no significant difference between eating disorder and secondary amenorrhea between athlete and non-athlete groups; but there was significant difference between body dissatisfaction, social pressure to change weight and actual BMI between two groups (P<0.05). The most rate of body dissatisfaction and social pressure to change weight observed in non athletes women (P<0.05). In general, it seems that exercise can reduce eating disorders and body dissatisfaction or fitness contribute to increased performance.