فصلنامه مطالعات روان شناسی ورزشی
پیاپی 13 (پاییز 1394)

The purpose of the present study was to describe the state of mental preparation in Iranian elite athletes. Ottawa Mental Set Assessment Tool-3 to measure mental skill, Levenson test to measure attribution, Sport Motivation Scale to measure sport motivation, and Sheared test to measure mental toughness were administered on 295 athletes who attended various national team camps during year 2013. The results indicated that standard scores for basic mental skills were high, but for psychosomatic skills and cognitive skills were moderate. The Locus of Control for most athletes was internal. Both Internal and External motivation scores for most athletes were high and the score for amotivation was low. Standard scores for all components of mental toughness were average and above. Totally, it can be concluded the state of Attribution and Motivation is appropriate in Iranian elite athletes. They need to be educated in mental toughness concerns. Designing training programs for psychosomatic and cognitive components of mental skills seems also necessary.

The purpose of this research was to examine the correlation of parental involvement with self-esteem, perceived competence, and commitment among adolescent martial arts athletes. A number of 280 adolescent martial arts athletes of Khorasan Razavi selected with cluster random sampling. The questionnaires of parental involvement, self-esteem, perceived competence and sport commitment were used to collect the data. Findings indicated that parental support; praise and directive behaviors have a significant and positive relationship with the perceived competence and sport commitment. A medium and positive relationship between perceived competence and sport commitment was observed; also, Except for the treatment of pressure, other subscales of parental involvement showed a significant and positive relationship with self-esteem. A path analysis test showed that perceived competence and parental involvement subscales have a direct and indirect effect on sport commitment and the largest total effect on sport commitment was related to perceived competence. The model showed a good fit to the data.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of overt and covert motivational self-talk on the performance of Coincidence Anticipation Timing Task. Participants included 36 physical education students (9 females and 27 males with a mean age of 25.68±5.15 years old) right-handed and without visual impairments who participated in the research voluntarily and they assigned randomly into three groups. They performed a Coincidence Anticipation Timing Task under three conditions (overt self-talk, covert self-talk and control). Results showed that both overt and covert motivational self-talk led to improved performance in the Coincidence Anticipation Timing and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Also significant difference was not observed in between the male and female students. According to the results of this study, the use of overt and covert motivational self-talk is a psychological strategy for improving Coincidence Anticipation Timing Task.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological skills training program on developing mental toughness among novice badminton players. Based on entrance criterias, 40 male novice badminton players were randomly assigned to experimental (20 participants) and placebo-control (20 participants) groups. Before and after interventions, participants completed sport mental toughness questionnaire (SMTQ). All participants take part in specific skills training badminton during 24 sessions over three months. Experimental group in addition to badminton learning received the specific package of psychological skills training but Placebo-control group was taught only general information about badminton. The results of MANCOVA showed that all components of SMTQ in experimental group were significantly higher than the placebo-control group, which indicates the effectiveness of PST on mental toughness development among male badminton novice players. These results supported the capability of developing mental toughness through systematical psychological skills training programs.

The present study aimed at comparing karate athletes and non-athletes in term of body image dissatisfaction and social phobia in the. The 40 karate athletes and 40 non-athletes aged 18 to 22 years old were selected as the sample. The athletes were selected through stratified random sampling while the non-athletes were selected through convenience sampling homogenized to the athletes. Data collection instruments were Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and social-phobia scale. The result revealed that there was a significant difference in appearance evaluation, fitness evaluation, fitness orientation and body satisfaction, between karate athletes and non-athletes. In all cases, body-form dissatisfaction was higher among non-athletes. Analysis of the data also showed that non-athletes had higher social phobia. These findings reflect the great importance of exercise in improving body image and decrease Social phobia.

This study investigate the prediction of the athlete burnout based on competitive anxiety and motivation regulations in elite male athletes. A number of 102 male athletes from football, handball, volleyball, futsal and basketball teams (average age: 25/39 ±5 and average sports history: 8/17 ±4) completed the sport motivation, athletes burnout, and sport competitive anxiety questionnaires. The results of the multivariate regression showed that the intrinsic motivation negatively and significantly; extrinsic motivation and amotivation positively and significantly predicts the burnout symptoms. However, somatic and cognitive anxiety positively and significantly; and self-confidence negatively and significantly predicts burnout symptoms. It is concluded that increasing intrinsic motivation and self-esteem, and reducing the anxiety of competition and Amotivation, could be prevent the negative effects of competitive anxiety, amotivation and Burnout of athletes, to some extent.

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the moderator role of percieved overtraining on the relationship between perfectionism with fatigue and sport burnout in elite athletes. The sample were 200 elite athletes from different sport fields. All participants were asked to complete the Competitive Perfectionism Scale, the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire, the Sport Fatigue Scale, and the Athletic Burnout Scale. Analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that: there is a negative correlation between positive perfectionism and sport fatigue; there is a positive correlation between negative perfectionism and sport fatigue; there is a negative correlation between positive perfectionism and sport burnout; there is a positive correlation between negative perfectionism and sport burnout; there is a positive correlation between percieved overtraining and sport fatigue; there is a positive correlation between percieved overtraining and sport burnout; in elite athletes. Analysis of the data also showed that the percieved overtraining can moderate the relationship between perfectionism with sport fatigue; and the relationship between perfectionism with sport burnout in elite athletes.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between role ambiguity and aggression amount among football players in Iranian premier league. This was a descriptive–correlational study. The study population consisted of three teamseach with 72 players, mean age 26.07 ± 4.07 yearsin football premier League in 2013-2014. The sample was selected using convenient sampling method. The results showed that there was a significantrelationship between offensive role ambiguities with aggression in football players. The regression results showed that offensive role ambiguity dimensions significantly predicted the aggression among football players.Therefore, it was concluded that the more players understand their responsibilities and roles, the less aggressive behavior they will show.