فصلنامه آزمایشگاه و تشخیص
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1392)

The diagnosis of hereditary red blood cell (RBC) membrane disorders, in particular hereditary spherocytosis (HS), and SAO is based on clinical history and RBC morphology and other conventional tests such as osmotic fragility. However, there are some milder cases of these disorders which are difficult to be diagnosed. The application of eosin-5'-maleimide (EMA) was evaluated for screening of RBC membrane defect along with some other anemia. We used EMA dye which binds mostly to band 3 protein and in lesser extent to some other membrane proteins for screening of some membrane defects such as HS. Fresh RBCs from hematologically normal controls and also patients with HS, SAO, hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary spherocytosis with pincered cells, severe iron deficiency, thalassemia minor, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia were stained with EMA dye, and analyzed for mean fluorescent intensity(MFI) using a flow cytometer. Results and RBCs from patients with HS and iron deficiency showed a significant reduction in MFI compared to those from normal controls (ρ<0.0001 and ρ<0.001 respectively), while macrocytic RBCs showed a significant increase in MFI (ρ<0.01). A significant correlation was shown between MCV and MFI, which the only exceptions were HS and thalassemia minor. Our results showed that the flow cytometric method could be a reliable screening and confirming diagnostic method with high sensitivity and specificity (95% and 93%, respectively) than conventional routine tests for HS patients prior further specific membrane protein molecular tests.

Worldwide more than 3 million people currently die each year from smoking. Smokers are at greatest risk for cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, cancer, peptic ulcer, bone matrix loss, and hepatotoxicity. Smoking is one of the major risk factors in the genesis of the in the coronary atherosclerosis and development of coronary heart disease. Nicotine is one of the main constituents. Nicotine causes increase in cholesterol.. Electrolytes and minerals are involved in most cellular activities and assume a major role in metabolism. Electrolytes and minerals have multiple functions such as holding fluids in compartment of the body and maintaining normal acid base balance, nerve conduction, blood clotting and muscle contractions. Hence, the present study is aimed to investigate serum calcium and phosphorus, triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate amino transferase levels in smokers and comparing them with non smokers. Thirty human volunteers (aged between20-30 years-old) smoking more than 8 cigarettes per day were chosen as experimental subjects. Thirty human volunteers who did not smoke selected as control group. Blood samples from overnight fasted subjects were used for the study. All the volunteers in the present study were free from any chronic disease, illness drugs and anesthetics. Plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate amino transferase were determined by zistshimi kits. All the results were analyzed by spss 11 software. Cigarette smoking significantly increased plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase and aspartat amino transferase when compared to control groups (p<0.05). Discussion and chronic cigarette smoking might have induced alterations in membrane permeability properties of tissues and organs, which might have resulted in increase plasma calcium phosphorus, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate amino transferase levels in smokers. The current study showed significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in smokers as compared to that of controls. Increased cholesterol levels considered to be an important contributory factor for development of atherosclerosis. The molecular mechanisms behind these changes and biochemical consequence are needed further in-depth study.

Telomeres are specific nucleoprotein complexes, which composed of hundreds to thousands TTAGGG tandem repeats. They are localized at both terminal regions of chromosomes and they protect chromosome ends from recombination and degradation. A multiprotein complex, known as Shelterin, binds to TTAGGG repeats and maintains the structure and the length of telomeres. Telomerase, which is necessary for telomere length stabilization during cell cycle, is repressed in somatic cells whereas it is active in several cancer tissues. The structure and the length of telomere have an important role in different cell processes. The use of molecular cytogenetic techniques has led to identify several chromosomal aberrations associated with telomeres. Recent developments in medical genetics represent a broad spectrum of diseases associated with telomere. In the present article the structure and function of telomeres are reviewed and a number of diseases associated with telomeres will be mentioned.

Candiduria or presence of infecting Candida species in urinary tract is one of the usual hospital infections. Factors increasing susceptibility of patients to such infections are including high utilization of antibiotics, long hospitalization periods, higher ages, diabetes mellitus, sexuality, female sex and use of immunosuppressive therapy. This study focuses not only on diagnosis of candiduria and its causes using phenotype and genotype analyzing methods, but also discusses on frequencies of Candiduria in catheter using patients. 250 samples of catheter using patients were collected and cultured in biological media. Identifying the yeasts, initially some phenotypic experiments were carried out such as germ tube, the production of hyphae or pseudohyphae and clamydospores in CMA+TW80 medium, and CHROMagar Candida. Genomic DNA of all species were extracted and analyzed with PCR and subsequent Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Analyzing urination of 95 female and 155 male, 40 samples were recognized as infected that demonstrates 55% and 45% Candiduria infection in females and males. Frequency of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropi calis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are 45%, 32.5%, 15%, 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. Candiduria frequency is measured to be about 16%.

Initially it was thought that the transfer of resistance genes in bacteria, mainly through conjugation and transduction by plasmids, phages and transposons is done. However, in 1995 by two scientists named Hall and Coli, another mechanism of transfer of resistance genes identified, by name integron elements.. Integrons are mobile genetic elements that are located in plasmids, chromosomes and transposons, carry the resistance genes that are within the gene cassette. Horizontal transfer of integron is the most successful dissemination of resistance genes and the emergence of strains with multiple resistances (MDR). Note that the resistance genes are located on integron and can be transferred from one strain to another side, so it’s important to identify the type of resistance genes.

With clement over twenty-five years of war, several papers on the effects of injuries caused by war veterans are given, check these articles and also reviewed the causes of death in people exposed to chemical weapons that have as a veteran, or are injured and somewhat different chemical.Chemical weapons often cause Late effects of that ultimately lead to physical and chemical injuries are lifelong injuries. Unfortunately many of ones had died due to the effects of the injury or how long it had clear clinical signs and symptoms are noticed.while at the same time, the results of clinical and laboratory findings were particularly large changes shows. The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical trials and review other articles published in the official file test pattern in order prognosis of late complications in patient's forecasts to assess chemical weapons. In order to record more than 2000 files of archives office from 1992 to 2012 veterans affairs departments Khorasan Razavi and research papers in the case were the victims of chemical weapons. Results showed late complications can occur during the life of the victims with different intensities, And develops over time, but the comment about the delayed effects need to complete clinical trials and doing complete and new physical examination. so only by The routine tests cannot be compared to Late effects of Comment. Therefore should depending on the type and severity of lesion or tissue be targeted clinical trials and research that highlights and conclusions from research articles, help, and interpreted them to be careful enough.