نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1394)

The origins of Sports traditionally dates back to its practice encouraged by religion, custom or militancy, and, therefore, was considered a wholly masculine practice. Due to the inextricable link between sports and body management, nowadays, leisure and health have transcended their meaning beyond a certain gender and, consequently, sports has become a wholly ordinary practice for women. To attain an insight into the women’s experience and understanding of sports, this research conducted a semi-structural interview with 30 samples of women with sports experience, using a Grounded Theory method. The results show that the practice of sports by women is chiefly due to their concern about the maintenance of symmetry in the spatial-locative context and body well-bulitness. Incidentally, striving for equality, maintaining an idealistic view of the body as a facilitating element, and the widespread broadcast of sports and its popularization have also been contributing factors, as well. The meaningful implications of women’s appreciation of sports include their consciousness towards sports (sports as a functional identity), deconstruction of the social strata, body symmetry and pleasure. The research concludes that sports has offered women social acceptance, the opportunity to rethinking and transcending physical and psychological well-being.

This research is aimed at measuring the happiness of the women who conduct a family in Tehran and identifying the causes and background of such happiness and also the causes of ostracism and the ways it affects their happiness. This is an explorative survey. For this purpose a 30 women were selected through snowball sampling and the data was collected through interview and then a survey was conducted with the population of 180. The interviews demonstrated that: factors such as deprivation from basic needs and SENSE OF DISCRIMINATION has rejected these women from the society and that is why they feel being discriminated and lost happiness.. Bases on regression equation about 70 percent of the changes in sense of happiness of the female heads in Tehran is because of sense of lack of fairness, social ostracism and SENSE OF DISCRIMINATION and also lack of effective providing basic needs faints away their happiness. Based on path analysis equation social ostracism is the strongest factor, which negatively affects their happiness directly and indirectly. Lack of fairness comes next in terms of direct effects. Sense of discrimination and effective providing of the basic needs are the other factors that affect their happiness respectively.

Based on statistical evidence rate of cesarean is very much in Iran so that Iran is the second country in the world, in terms of the highest cesarean rates, the various parameters affect to decide how to choose the mode of delivery in pregnant women. One way to reduce caesarean sections is to identify these factors and their impacts. The aim of this study is to identify factors willingness to cesarean section in pregnant women and the correlation between them to achieve the prediction model tends to caesarean section was performed. This study was examined in a cross-sectional way by means of stochastic and available selection procedure, within the second half of 2014, pregnant women who live in Tehran. In the semi-structured survey with the answer package (5 point Likert scale), five effective factors to predict of model willing to cesarean were examined which including psychological, environmental and socio-cultural factors, and conditions and outcomes of childbirth, and structural equation modeling (SEM) method and Amos software were utilized in order to confirm the parameters. The 5 factors affecting willingness to cesarean section in pregnant women, "fear of natural childbirth" is related to psychological factors and the component "Not to put pressure on the baby's head" and "not to strain to shoulder or causing other physical" damage by Caesarean section related to the consequences of childbirth, have the greatest impact. Also the results of this study demonstrated that the highest and lowest correlations are related to conditions and consequences and socio-cultural and psychological factors respectively. Therefore, we can help pregnant women to recognize their capabilities and overcome their fear of pain by improving the level of pregnant women’s awareness and using natural vaginal delivery techniques with lower pain.

The purpose of this study is Impact of Work Engagement's of glass cliff phenomenon; test the mediating role of organizational silence. The statistical population is all Formal staff of women Bu-Ali University of hamedan to the number is 88 which 52 they were selected by stratified random sampling method. Data were gathered through three questionnaires, the glass cliff, organizational silence and work Engagements. The validity of the questionnaires was determined based on viewpoints of experts in management and educational sciences. The combined reliability of questionnaires was measured by Dillon-Goldstein coefficient and Average Variance Extracted. The combined reliability of both of the questionnaires was more than 0.7 and Average Variance Extracted was more than 0.5. The data after collecting were analyzed by, Excel, VisualPLS and SmartPLS, Pearson test and with Self-test system, Q2 Stone- Geisser index and Goodness Of fit index. The results indicate that the direct effect of the glass cliff on job engagement is negative and significant, but the direct effect of these variables on organizational silence is significant and positive. Also, an effect of organizational silence on Work Engagement's is negative and significant. Indirect effect glass cliff on work Engagement's with mediating role of organizational silence is negative and significant.

Gender as one of social and cultural determinant factors, effects many dimensions of women including their occupation and can effect on the types of male and female jobs. Nowadays, gender segregation of jobs in Iran is gradually being taken. Nevertheless, social policy making in this subject needs scientific studies. It seems necessary to take advantage of qualitative methods.In this qualitative study using focus group discussions of 19 experts on women and families about the phenomenon of women presence in occupations and its causes were questioned and discussed.The findings of the data and thematic analysis showed three types of views including: supporters and opponents and intermediate. Individual and communicative capability elevation, economic and social justice realization is mensioned as positive implications of women entering to male jobs. In some experts’ views, seperation of women jobs holds back their talent breeding, strengthening gende beliefs in society and economic-gender inbalance. But opponents of women entering to male jobs see this entrance equivalent with women distancing from women world, identity and personality inbalance, physical and mental exhusion, reduction of marriage opportunity, sexual and etical insecurity and male reactions to them.

Humans, since their creation, have experienced different political systems. But, in this arena, no system has enjoyed a particularly status to the extent that democracy has. This political system is surely the most factual system among different human systems and enjoys a lot of fluidity and revision. Furthermore, there is no doubt regarding this issue that a democratic system has been established in Iran and has been growing in terms of nature. In addition, it seems that the training in families is the key to open the future; therefore, it is expected that the family system of each human society grows and train future humans and prepares the present generation for the future. The task of families is to empower all members of a society to develop their hidden potentials and provide grounds for realizing them in humans and also to empower the society in identifying its creativities and potentials. Accordingly, deeply political advancement and development in societies for attaining determined aims far from radicalism, particularly in the domains of societies ad politics, will not be possible without paying attention to the family structure and training methods dominant over this structure. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of different upbringing methods in families on the democratic perspectives among male and female citizens of the City of Isfahan in 2015. By dividing upbringing methods into three types of authoritative, tyrannical, and easygoing methods, the results indicate that authoritative methods with the coefficient 49.0 causes the increase in the democratic perspectives, but tyrannical methods with the coefficient -18.0 causes the decrease in democratic perspectives among citizens. In addition, other findings indicate that although the results of the research among men are consistent with the general results of the research, tyrannical methods have no significant correlation with democratic perspectives among studied women.

Any economic development planning of rural regions needs an initial investigation of rural women''s role in the production system, hence the purpose of this descriptive- survey study was to investigate rural women''s role in animal husbandry activities. The statistical population consisted of all rural families (N=6571) in Charuymaq county which 135 were selected through a multistage randomised sampling method based on Cochran's sampling formula. The research tool was a researcher-constructed questionnaire which its validity was verified by a panel of experts in the related field and to check its reliability, a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was computed which were higher than 0.7 for composite constructs. The results showed that majority of women (60.7%) had a neutral attitude regarding animal husbandry activities. Hard nature of animal activities was the most bottleneck of women's participation. Preparing household''s food requirements (self-consumption) and responsibility taking duty toward household were the most intrinsic and extrinsic motives of women regarding their participation, respectively. The majority of women had a low level of mass media information usage and TV was the first source of their information channel gathering. Women had the most participation in Milking and processing and the last in grazing the animals.