نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (تابستان 1394)

In order to the study the effect of drought stress on some physiological characteristics in six Iranian pomegranate cultivars a factorial experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized design with three replications. Two factors including pomegranate cultivars (Rabab nyriz, Nadery badroud, Shyshah cap ferdous, Ardestany mahvelat, Malase yazd and Shirin shavar yazd) and irrigation levels (60% and 40% field capacity "the moderate and severe stresses, respectively" and 80% field capacity as "the control" was used and the plants were kept for six weeks. Some physiological characteristics including photosynthesis rate, evaporation rate, stomatal conductance, Intercellular CO2 concentration, leaf temperature, relative water content and leaf ion leakage in fully developed leaves were then measured. All examined cultivars had similar responses to drought stress treatments, but the intensity of these responses was different in various cultivars. According to the ultimate results, Rabab nyriz and Malase Yazd cultivars were more tolerant to drought compared to the others tolerant cultivars.Furthermore, among the cultivars studied, 'Nadery badroud was so they have been suggested as sensitive cultivar to drought stress.

Hawthorn, as the general name for the species of Crataegusgenus belonged to Rosaceae family, is of horticultural crops with medicinal characteristics. In this study, several species of hawthorn including Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus meyeri, Crataegus pseudoheterophylla, Crataegus pentagyna and Crataegus pontica were identified in Taleghan region of Alborz province, Iran and then, evaluated based on morphological and phytochemical charactersitcs. Results of analysis of variance for morphological characters including leaf length, leaf width, ratio of leaf length to leaf width, fruit length, fruit diameter, ratio of fruit legth to fruit diameter and 1000 seed weight revealed the existence of divergence for Hawthorn germplasm in Iran and significant differences among the studied species. Among studied species, C. pontica had the maximum values of studied morphological characters exception of ratio of leaf length to leaf width and ratio of fruit legth to fruit diameter. There were significant differences among studied species based on phytochemical characters. Species including Crataegus meyeri, Crataegus pseudoheterophylla, Crataegus pentagyna had noticeable percentage of phenolic compounds, tannen and rutin flavonoid. The results manifested that evaluation of phytochemical compounds could be a suitable method in identification of species having medical priority in this species.

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of putrescine and methyl jasmonate on increasing juice quality of orange (Citrus sinences L.) “Valencia” fruit. Orange fruit were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mM putrescine and 0 (control), 10 and 20µM methyl jasmonate for 5 m, stored at 5±1°C with 85-90 % relative humidity for 4 months and then total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total carotenoid, total anthocyanine of the fruit juice evaluated. The results showed, that the total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and the amount of fruit juice in treated and non-treated fruits were reduced during storage, but in putrescine and methyl jasmonate treatments alone and together, the trend of reduction was lower. However, 5 mM putrescine treatment and combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate had highest, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and the amount of fruit juice, compared to the control and the other treatments.The titratable acidity, total anthocyanin and total carotenoid of treated and non-treated fruits increased during storage but pattern of changes of treated fruits increased higher compared to the control fruits. However, The highest titratable acidity, anthocyanin and carotenoid content observed in treated fruit with 5 mM putrescine and combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate in end storage. So, fruits treated with 5 mM putrescine and combined with 10 µM methyl jasmonate showed the best effect.

Grapevine is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. Seedless grapes are a type of grapevine that is preferred by most fruit consumers. Seedless grapevines are induced via either stenospermocarpy or parthenocarpy. Grapevine is one of important fruit crops with abundant nutrition materials that utilized by consumers from past. Breeding of seedless grapes is one of the important aim of breeders. Embryo rescue technique can provide new seedless grapes with desirable characteristics. In this study the effect of sprays with benzyladenine and male parent on embryo germination in Askari × Bidane Sefid and Askari × Bidane Ghermez crosses was investigated. Results showed that benzyladenine sprays and interaction between benzyladenine and male parent had significant effect on embryo germination, as highest germination was observed in Askari × Bidane Sefid cross (5.26%) that treated with benzyladenine. Interaction between benzyladenine sprays and male parent also had significant effect on callused, collapsed and enlarged ovules.

Soil nutrients balance is an indicator to determine nutrient use efficiency in farming systems. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to assess nutrient use efficiency in different wheat farms in Gorgan. Collected data were included fertilization management such as type and amount of applied fertilizer in different farms. In respect to type of fertilizers applied in farm, amount of net NPK was calculated. Also, amount of supply of NPK was estimated by QUEFTS model which were 61, 34 and 136 kg/ha, respectively. In the end of the growth season, the concentration of these nutrients in plant was measured by tissue analysis and amount of exited nutrients (kg/ha) in each farm was estimated. The nutrients balance was calculated as the difference between entered (fertilizer and soil supply) and exited nutrients. The results showed that almost half of farms had deficiency of N application (negative balance). The amount of deficiency for N ranged from 2.5 to 124.4 kg/ha; while in others there was 1.3 to 128.3 kg/ha extra N (positive balance). The extra P and K were observed in nearly all farms that they were 10.9-79.3 and 11.5-115 kg/ha, respectively (positive balance).

Micorrhizal fungi provide greater absorbing surface for the transfer of nutrients to plant roots and therefore improve the plant growth. Piriformospora indica as a Micorrhizal-like fungus exhibits a high effect in plant growth and increased resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The goal of this research was the study of the potential of P. indica to colonize the roots of rice plant and enhances growth and elevating drought resistance. This study was done as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications and was conducted in the greenhouse of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute (Isfahan). The experimental factors included 2 fungal levels (inoculated and non-inoculated) and 3 drought levels (F.C., 50% F.C., 25% F.C.). The results indicated that P. indica can colonize rice roots plant. Also, inoculation of plant with P.indica increased the biomass of rice plants, as in inoculated plants under severe drought stress total shoot dry weight and root dry weight was increased by 47% and 63%, respectively. Under severe stress conditions, RWC in inoculated plant was greater as well (19% was higher than control plants). The results showed the effective role of fungus in enhancing rice morphological parameters in drought stress conditions (especially at the 25% F.C. level). According to the results, it seems that Rice is also one of the hosts of this fungus and endophytic fungus can provide the possibility of rice cultivation in other regions of Iran. As well as the improvement of growth in inoculated rice plant will decrease the requirement to chemical fertilizer in flooded rice cultivation.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and some growth indices of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors were: nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (0, 80 and 160 kg N ha-1) from urea as N0, N80 andN160 respectively and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels containing, without inoculation (as control), seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain of, Psedomunas putida strain 186. Results indicated that quantitative and qualitative yield increased with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer and application of PGPR. Means comparison showed that N160×without inoculation with PGPR and N80×seed inoculation with Azotobacter had similar grain yields. Seed inoculation with Azotobacter increased leaf area index and total dry matter. In all of treatment compounds, leaf area index and total dry matter increased slowly until 45 days after sowing. From 45 days after sowing till 95 days after sowing increased rapidly.Then till 115 days after sowing, it decreased due to increasing aging of leaves, shading and competition for light and the other resources. So, it seems that in order to increasing of grain yield and growth indices, it can be suggested that be applied 80 kg N/ha × seed inoculation with Azotobacter.

The most important factor limiting crop production is water shortage in arid and semiarid regions. One of the effects of water shortage is its impact on the quality of crops seeds. In order to evaluation of germination characteristics in seed obtained from farm studies of four chickpea cultivar (Piruz, Kaka, Azad and ILC-482) under different irrigation levels (full irrigation, deficit irrigation and rainfed), an experiment was conducted using a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications in Plant Physiology Laboratory of Kurdistan university in 2010. Results showed that characteristics amount of germination rate, root and shoot length, root and shoot weight, seedling vigor index and 100 seeds weight were more by 19.2%, 25.4%, 21.9%, 38.1%, 33.6%, 26.5% and 14.1%, respectively in seeds obtained from plants under full irrigation treatment compared to that under rainfed condition. Also results indicated that there were significant differences among studied cultivars for all the characteristics. The cultivars of Desi type and especially Kaka cultivar were superior for all studied characteristics except germination rate, radicle length to plumule length ratio, radicle weight to plumule weight ratio and 100 seed weight traits compared with cultivars of Kabuli type.

In order to investigate the effects of water stress and potassium fertilizer on yield, yield components, economic water use efficiency (EWUE), biologic water use efficiency (BWUE) and harvest index (HI) of potato var. Aola, used furrow irrigation with different irrigation intervals. This research was conducted in split plots experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots consisted of three treatments of water stress, after 100 mm (light deficit) and 130 mm (severe deficit) evaporation from class A pan along with control (without deficit) and sub plots to five levels of potassium fertilizer with five levels i.e. 0, 62.5, 125, 187.5, and 250 kg.ha-1 K2O were applied. Water stress with three levels i.e. irrigation after 70 mm (without deficit), 100 (light deficit) and 130 (severe deficit) evaporation from class-A pan and potassium with five levels i.e. 0, 62.5, 125, 187.5, and 250 kg.ha-1 K2O were investigated. Sever deficit decreased tuber yield, tuber number per plant, average tuber weight, tuber and total dry matter, HI and EWUE but increased BWUE of potato. The highest amount of BWUE and EWUE were 893 and 631.1 g.m-3 respectively that resulted from light deficit. The highest amount of other traits that resulted from without deficit. The amount of all traits increased in higher levels of potassium. The highest amounts of yield (23.62 t.ha-1), average tuber weight (39.89 g), tuber dry matter (6.38 t.ha-1), total dry matter (871.60 g.m-2), HI (%71.2), BWUE (871.1 g.m-3) and EWUE (617.4 g.m-3) resulted from 250 kg.ha-1 K2O.

To assess of grain yield and agronomic traits of triticale in comparison with wheat under supplementary irrigation an experiment was carried out during 2009-10 year in Qamloo dryland Research station located in Kurdistan. A split plot with RCBD arrangement in four replications was used. Moisture regimes including irrigation at planting time, irrigation at early grain filling and no irrigation (rainfed conditions) considered as main plots. Six genotypes including three genotypes of triticale (Juanillo and two promised lines) and three genotypes of bread wheat (Azar2 and two promised lines) were included as sub plots. Even though there was not significant difference between irrigation at planting time and rainfed conditions, irrigation at grain filling with grain yield of 3805 Kg/ha averagely produced 17.5 % over than them. However, triticale produced 26 %, 49% and 48 % more grain yield than wheat in irrigation at planting, milking and rainfed conditions, respectively. This superiority was related to better performance of triticale in yield components, biological yield, plant height and grain filling period.

In pistachio rootstocks breeding, correlation of characteristics and their relationships with plan vigor is very important. Banebaghi is a natural cross of Pistacia subspecies that have a high variation in generated seedlings. In order to study these variations and relationships among morphological characteristics, an experiment was designed with 108 seedlings of Banebaghi. Fourteen growth characteristics such as seedling primary growth type, length and diameter of shoot, leaf and leaflet, dimensions of leaf and leaflet, leaf and leaflet number and two physiological parameters, including chlorophyll index and chlorophyll florescence were evaluated. Based on results, a high morphological variation was observed in Banebaghi seedlings, so that seedlings divided in two groups based on types of growth: pistachio growth type and mastic tree growth type. In both growth types, there were positively and negatively correlations among vigor of seedling and stem length, leaf number, stem diameters and chlorophyll index. Based on stepwise regression analysis, in both growth types stem volume and leaf number influenced the stem length and diameters of seedlings.

Alfalfa weevil is a major pest in parts of Iran and the world that alfalfa is grown. The damage would be decreased using resistant varieties. In the study of the field resistance of 42 genotypes of alfalfa in the germplasm cultivated in research farm of Bu-Ali Sina University towards this pest, it was found that different genotypes had significant effects on the number of larva, amounts of damage, status of chlorophyll, and the yield of fresh forage yield and on the other traits too. In the stepwise regression for the amounts of damage as dependent variable it was revealed that number of larvae, plant height in damage time and the percent of dried matter were respectively added to the model and confirmed the percentage of the most variations with the cumulative contrast coefficient of 30.48%. In the analysis into principal components, approximately 59 percent of the total variation was explained by the first two principal components. Selection based on the first component leads to the selection of high performance genotypes and selection based on the second component leads to the selection of genotypes with high resistance to larval feeding. Five clusters were induced after cluster analysis. Genotypes Fayez 49 with low resistance and high forage yield and Tack Buteh 23 with high resistance and low forage yield could be used as appropriate parents for hybridization in plant breeding.

The use of natural antioxidants is one of the easiest ways to reduce cell destructive reactions. Plants are considered as rich sources of natural antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, etc. The present study was aimed to evaluate oil content, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of some (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen) and Thymus daenesis populations cultivated in a same envirenmental condition. according to the results, there was considerable variation among IC50 (20.98 to 48.7 μg. ml) and total phenolics (42.6 to 67.64 mg GAE.g) of Thymus kotschyanus populations. the highest antioxidant activity and total phenolic was observed in the population of Qazvin. The lowest IC50 (19/3 μg / ml) and highest of phenolic compounds (107/16 mg GAE.g) in a Khorramabad population of Thymus daenensis subsp. lancifolius observed. The highest oil content for population of Mazandaran1 (2/5%) and Khorramabad 1 (3/5%) were existed. The Thymus daenensis subsp. lancifolius had The highest antioxidant activity and oil content among studied populations.

In order to study the effects of priming (control (non-primed), distilled water, 0.1% chitosan and 0.2% chitosan) on seed germination and growth of chickpea seedling, under salinity stress (0, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m) an experiment was conducted in controlled-environment conditions. Results showed salinity stress reduced germination percentage and rate, vigor index, length and dry weights of shoots and roots, K concentration and K/Na ratio, whereas increased Na concentration, proline, total carbohydrate and malondialdehyde content. Seed priming with chitosan increased germination percentage and rate compared to other priming treatments.Vigor index, shoot length, root length and dry weights of shoots were higher in chitosan primed seed compared to control under salinity stress 6 dS/m. The highest K concentration was observed in seed primed with 0.2% chitosan. Also, with the increasing salinity, chitosan decreased Na concentration and malondialdehyde and increased K/Na ratio, proline and total carbohydrate content. Thus, it suggests that main effect priming the chickpea seeds with chitosan was on seedling growth and it don’t effect on increasing germination percentage.

In order to study the different nutritional systems on grain yield and yield components of corn (S.C.704) in different levels of biofertilizers, the experiment was conducted at the research farm faculty of agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University during 2010. The experiment was conducted factorial design base on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Treatments were include five different nutritional systems: A1 (8 ton ha-1 organic fertilizer), A2 (6 ton ha-1 organic fertilizer + 46 kg ha-1 net nitrogen), A3 (4 ton ha-1 organic fertilizer + 92 kg ha-1 nitrogen), A4 (2 ton ha-1 organic fertilizer + 138 kg ha-1 nitrogen) and A5 (184 kg ha-1 nitrogen) and biofertilizer (nitrogen fixation bacteria include Azotobacter and Azospirillium) at two levels included: B1 (inoculation) and B2 (non-inoculation). The results showed that amount grain yield and harvest index at A3 nutritional systems was obtained 10 ton ha-1 and 46.72 percent, respectively. In seeds inoculated (B1) grain yield and yield components were higher than the control, So that grain yield and 1000-seed weight in inoculated treatments 9.7 ton ha-1 and 205.4 g respectively. With biofertilizer (B1) amount of leaf area index (LAI), seed yield and harvest index was obtained 7.75, 9.78 ton ha-1, and 44.10 percent, respectively.According to the results grain yield were the better in the combination of biofertilizers and A3 nutritional systems of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers (10.56 ton ha-1) than when used alone.

Grapes have perfect flowers that are able to be self-one self-pollinated. However, some of the grape cultivars can be incompatible to each other. So, before planning for making suitable hybrids, study of compatibility and incompatibility’s of pollinizers with maternal parents is necessary. Propose of this study is investigation of the compatibility and the effect of pollinizers include ‛Bidaneh Ghermez, ‛Bidaneh Sefidand Perlette on fruit set and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivar Rish Baba Sefid in vineyard conditions. Therefore, pistils of cv. Rish Baba Sefid were emasculated (863 pistils in 9 clusters) and then were pollinated with pollen of Bidaneh Ghermez, Bidaneh Sefidand Perlette. Experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD). Ultimately of 91 obtained hybrid seed, in each cross with pollinizer cultivars of Bidaneh Ghermez, Bidaneh Sefid and Perlette were 52, 36 and 3, respectively. The results from these crossing showed that compatibility between pollen of cv. Bidaneh Sefid and cv. Rish Baba Sefid were more than other treatments but pollen of cv. Bidaneh Ghermezand cv. Rish Baba Sefid with 20% for seed forming if the this mount were nearest to self-pollinated. Two other treatments Bidaneh Sefidand Perlette with Rish Baba Sefid had 11.5% and 2.34%, seed forming respectively. Study of obtained fruits physical properties like fruit cluster weight, berry size and TSS/TA proved the advantage of pollen of cv. Bidaneh Ghermez hybrids.