فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهل و پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 36، زمستان 1394)

This study explains the formation of Islamist discourse in Turkey and its impact on its foreign policy (with an emphasis on Justice and Development Party -AKP). The findings which are based on discourse analysis of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, indicate that the Islam-minded modern Turkey actors (in AKP) could weaken one of main aspect of Kemalist ideology in democratic and peaceful way: Unconditional compliance with the policies of the West, especially supporting Israel. Islamist discourse in Turkey marks such as coexistence between Islamism, modernism and democracy in this country. AKP’s rule and Neo-Ottomanism arising out of it as a foreign policy doctrine have led in relative tension in relations between Turkey and Israel. But the otherness of this discourse is not necessarily anti-Western and anti-Israeli, but it can coexist with the West and its world policy which categorically directed in supporting Israel. As the trade volume of Turkey and Israel not only has decreased, but has also been a slight increase in AKP era.

Dialogue foundation making in 1st Pahlavi cultural policies, was the mental issues, situation makings and relevant discussions in the so-called period introduced by influential cultural-political persons in the first Pahlavi era and in the mindset of the society. Dialogue foundation making in this era, functioned and was justifiable more than usual because the Pahlavi family strongly needed it to influence people’s minds and attitudes for the ease of their desired actions. Furthermore it was used to guarantee their legitimacy. 1st Pahlavi succeeded to introduce itself to intellectuals at that time, an unavoidable necessity and the best possible choice for government and used a wide range of them as their servants and altogether provided a substrate for cultural transformations.The authors in this article tried to prove this point that this discourse in its relation with the mentioned intellectual flow, has the nature of effect to cause. In other words, 1st Pahlavi from different aspects was a performer of a special kind of intellectual flow of that period. This article by clarifying the reasons for this association, introduces attitude and fundamental contradictions of this discourse as the cause of inefficiency and failure of those policies. The contradiction which introduced indispensable meaning and realization of civilization and progress as Secularism, and the unavoidable introduction of improvement and development as Dictatorship.

In this paper, the authors focuse on jihadists Islamic in Central Asia, called the IMU (Islamic movmentof uzbekistan) Islamic Jihad Union (Islamic jihadism of uzbekistan) believe that these groups have high adaptability in the wake of forced migration in Waziristan, Pakistan, since 2001 have shown. soft structural changes that occurred over the years in these groups. Jihadist groups in Waziristan, Pakistan's relationship with other large decision making power and influence of these groups is increasing. So as to not create a stable political institutions by international forces in Afghanistan, and consequently the weakness and lack of clear strategy in the wake of America's withdrawal from Afghanistan, two factions split between ethnic groups in northern Afghanistan, among them lack of a charismatic leader And on the opposite side of cohesion and solidarity among the Central Asian militant jihadi groups, the pattern of financial support SPIRITUAL iraq sham Islamic state(isis) group the two groups of the Islamic Movement of Islamic Jihad Union is potentially dangerous groups It can be a wake-up call for the region, yet the signs as back to Central Asia in the international forces in Afghanistan opportunity to have the opportunity to provide these groups with a Our hypothesis in this paper is that the Central Asian Islamic fundamentalist group called the Islamic Movement of Islamic Jihad Union serious threats to stability and security in Afghanistan and potentially dangerous groups Countries of the region in the wake of the withdrawal of international forces since 2014 This paper measures the probability of the hypothesis that dangrous or not these groups

"Transition to democracy" is one of significant results of those movements. useless hardware ways of occupation and domination that was done by dominated regime caused to encourage liberalism of democracy by software ways to change non democracy governments that is called "Transition period" or velvet revolution. The approach of Transition theories states in Iran (after revolution) changing in this case is necessary. Therefore reformer's emergence is too necessary for "Transition period" that also Huntington's Transition period approaches were transmitted to Iran changes (after Iran-Iraq war). Although there were no enough changing fields to transmit to "Transition period" in Islamic Iran.

Nowadays one of the main aims for each organizations, persons or professions are good images and implications involved it, intelligence and generally good brand. Generally political advertising and image management or management of political image has been one of the fundamental principles for democracy and modern society. Planning of public image needs to control of information. The concept of branding in marketing means labeling of a product and recognition of it. Same meaning extend to political science and political and electoral marketing. This paper argument about changing patterns of political communication through conceptualization of political branding and marketing. Also this paper explain about concept of branding and political branding and change of meaning of politics. Broadly Political branding is changing pattern of political participation.

The main purpose of this study is to survey the relationship of Sacrate with classic tragedy and assessment of these two cases. The climate development of poetic tragedy in the form of dramas of “Aeschylus”, accompanied with the concurrent periods of enhancement of Sacrate. Sacrate got familiar with the dramas of Aeschylus at his youth in Athen. By being effected by the religious content and tragedy based on fate and justice and rightiousness and sorrow and pain, These features were accompanied by the compasionat and fear. And other aspirations were concluded from these tragedies. He changed his trials to drama. His difference with other dramas of Aeschylus was that inspite of imagination in these kinds of poems, the dramas of Sacrate and sorrowful end were an inevitable reality.

One of the best examples of Islamic government is Religious Democracy, with a focus on key factors of Islam and public. Religious Democracy has several configurability being in the envelope of ideas perceived by Shia-Sunni. In post-Islamic revolution Iran, one of its forms has been realized and undoubtedly can inspire the Muslim Society in line with the grounding for the establishment of “Islamic Unified Nation”. If we consider the main elements of the realization of religious democracy in categories such as governance, people, the link between religion and politics, wisdom, leadership, law and justice, then we can identify the core elements of the Islamic government by recognition of Sunni scholars’ thoughts, and evaluate that whether the political thought of Sunni thinkers is capable of achieving the formation of Islamic Government based on religious democracy model to become an exemplar. The question we are going to answer through this article is that: “is it possible to extract different models of religious democracy by focusing on the political thoughts of the Sunnis?”. To answer this question, the assumption is that: “there are initial capacity to develop a model of religious democracy in the political thoughts of contemporary Sunni Mutazili scholars." This research is a qualitative research performed by descriptive-analytical method. This article analysis is in-text and based on the samples of Sunni contemporaries. The method used for information gathering is the study of library resources.

By using a model of Development, called Developmental State, which appeared during a period of time in the history of development in East Asia region, the essay tries to conduct a review on possibility of Iran’s transition to economic development. It is supposed that the ground is prepared for Iran’s transition to development through effective state intervention in economy. Unlimited access of the state in Iran to a very rich material and human resources including oil and natural gas, and also human capital, are among main factors that can support the state to reach its developmental goals. Meanwhile, the possibility to transition to the development in Iran through state intervention in economy is faced with a critical risks and challenges which come from special features of Iran’s economy which are inefficiency of state-owned economy and the way of oil revenues’ expenditure in economy by the state.

Carl Schmitt (1985-1888), one of the most controversial legal and political thinker and one of the leading theorists of the twentieth century. Friends and enemies, reducing human and Sytrh place an individualistic perspective, de-politicized and de man (the subject of the suspension of political identity, expression of indifference and meaninglessness and ascendancy of the spirit of consumerism), the risk of loss of political experience, the Due to the nature of the political morality. Realistic approach by Schmidt, government and politics are inseparable link Find and was considered as a single issue politics. As is the nature of government is autopoesis and takes all political decisions. Basically line with the government's policy and non political distinction friend / enemy-is determined. The distinction between friend / enemy as evidence of the political center of intellectual discourse, Schmidt said. Distinction friend the enemy as a quasi-transcendental theme is the default policy specifies that it is based on a real enemy, and coexistence with other political entities will be pre assumptions. The enemy here is not derived from personal hatred or enemity, but a general sense (our enemies) and refer to a community of people fighting against another group. Merely a public enemy and the enemy in the most obvious sense in relation to other people and this reflects Unlike private enemy «hostis» meet with political meaning. This paper intends to provide an understanding of the political liberal critics objected to the policy and political analysis and understanding of the possibilities and limitations of the fundamental aspects of the evaluation.

today, south korea have become a successful pattern for less- developed countries.this article attempts to explain it,s successful experience in economic development in the framework of pattern of non-democratic developmental state. in this attern that Adrian Leftwich has developed it,the main focus is on political- sociological context affecting on economic development. main charactristics of developmental states examined here are developmental elites, state autonomy, effective bureaucracy and weak civil society.

The purpose of present study is to survive how creation alternative methodology in social sciences by using of qualitative approach of grounded theory and implementation of focus group workshops and semi-structured interviews with expert professors in social science methodology. method of present research is qualitative approach grounded theory that in the years 1393-1392, focus group workshops and semi-structured interviews with participation of expert professors in methodology, was carried out in several groups. Necessity using of qualitative method in this research is, recognition of background factors analyzing data of research and theoretical model suggests that causal and structural conditions of cultural and methodological diversity, confusion in the choice of methodology and the lack of any existing methodologies in the social sciences, Lead to different strategies for combining qualitative and quantitative methods and establish interaction between existing methodologies that affected by confounding conditions like as Interaction between subject and method and looking at everything in its context, Lead to establish alternative and native methodologies. on the one hand the creation alternative and native methodology, Led to the refinement of Western theories for compatibility with values and social realities in Iran. On the other hand provide condition for produce theory, do research to solve problems and Elimination of Native needs and or development of human knowledge. So, in this article model of alternative and native methodology in the social sciences will be present

The post-2011 uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been the awakening of the Arab population who have lived under the rule of dictators for more than four decades, as the post-colonial period. The world has; furthermore, witnessed nothing less than the awakening of the dignity, civil and democratic rights, social and economic justice, national self-determination, Sharia legitimacy of authority and, ultimately pluralism in the framework of a political system during the "post post-colonial" period. This was not the first time people in the MENA had taken to the streets demanding fundamental changes. The first Arab Awakening, as a new pan-Arab consciousness, reflected an outbreak of nationalist sentiment against European masters. The desire to create one pan-Arab state, derived from the Arab national ethnicity, from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire’s Arabic-speaking provinces was dashed at the altar of British and French ambition. These states, mostly successors of the Islamic Ottoman Empire, maintained a supra-state identity, despite inter-Arab leadership competition during the 1950s and 1960s. The second wave of Arab Awakening rose against Arab governments that were doing the bidding of colonial powers. The differentiating factor was between Arab nationalist republics, usually quasi-socialist and Pan-Arabist in orientation, while the traditional monarchies, with a quasi-feudal or rentierist economic structure. Now, there are numerous signs that the next wave of revolutionary upsurge may soon be on the agenda in the Persian Gulf Sheikhdoms that could be entitled the Fourth Arab Awakening.

On the one hand Armenians of Iran account for a part of the Armenian diaspora, scattered around the world and have a symbolic homeland named Armenia, on the other hand, they have shared history with other Iranians over the centuries and Iran is considered as their real home country. As an Iranian ethnic group they have had a brilliant role in very eventful periods of our history especially since the last decades of 19th century. And today also, appropriate context must be provided for realizing their capacities to solve domestic and international problems with which Iran is dealing. In the following paper, we have tried to find out: "Considering the presence of Armenian diaspora in Iran, what are the opportunities and threats facing Islamic Republic of Iran?". Our hypothesis is that: "The presence of a part of Armenian diaspora in Iran, considering the capacities and abilities of the larger Armenian community in different parts of the world, will provide Islamic Republic of Iran with opportunities in the spheres of domestic and foreign policy, which are more significant than probable threats in terms of number and importance." This subject has been investigated in the article using descriptive-analytical approach.