مجله آموزش پرستاری
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 14، زمستان 1394)

Judgments in nursing ethical issues is a qualification criterion. Promoting the principles of professional performance through an emphasis on ethical grounds is a way to strengthen ethical decision-making in the nursing profession. Consequently، the present study was to evaluate the effect of education on the moral judgment of nurses. this was a quasi-experimental study using pretest-posttest and control group. The samples consisted of 30 nurses. They were nurses from a hospital in the Tabriz، Iran in 2014. Moral judgment in two experimental and control groups (n = 15 per group) were studied randomly. After completion of 4 sessions (one session a week for 90 minutes a month) of nursing ethics education in the experimental group، post-test moral judgment was measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance by SPSS version 20. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that after the intervention، a significant decrease in the mean score of moral judgment was observed in the experimental group (P= 0. 035). Therefore، in the experimental group nursing ethics training improved the moral judgment significantly. Nursing ethics training may increase nurses'' moral judgment. This intervention is an effective program to promote moral judgment and can be used to improve the professional qualifications of nurses.

With the entry into the information age, educational institution has undergone radical changes. In this context, e-learning as a new paradigm to provide different learning contexts. With the development of e-learning methods, teaching and learning process in nursing education has been facilitated as well. This study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of e-Learning in the Nursing Education. This was a review study. For the purpose of data collection, articles published in the specialized English and Persian databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SID were retrieved from 1995 to 2015. For this purpose, hierarchical search method and keywords “e-Learning” and “Nursing education” were used. Finally, 20 articles were selected and scrutinized. According to the results, overall benefits of e-learning could be summarized as in the following phrases: interaction between teacher and student does not require physical presence of teachers and students in the classroom; change of attitudes and knowledge of nurses and nursing students; increasing knowledge and awareness of nurses ultimately provide the best information in the clinical care; improving patient outcomes, and establishing an appropriate method for the appropriate functioning of nursing at the patient's bedside; increasing satisfaction in the nurses in implementing this approach to training and skills enhancement and competencies of nurses in providing care to the patients. Due to the advantages of e-learning, it is suggested that this method be considered as an effective method of teaching at medical science universities. With the development of e-learning in the schools, hospitals, and scientific management, this method will help us to achieve more productivity.

self-esteem is one of the most important factors of personality development in humans. It is feelings and responses that a person holds toward himself or herself. The relationship between self-esteem and academic success are different. This study aimed to compare the self-esteem and its correlation with their academic success in the nursing and midwifery students at Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran. This is a descriptive-analysis study conducted on 473 midwifery students who are studying at Islamic Azad University of Rasht in the second semester of academic year 2012-2013. Data were collected using a tow part questionnaire: personal information and cooper smith Self-Esteem Inventory. The academic success was measured by the prior semester grade point average. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and Student's t-test) were used. The results showed that the mean score of self-esteem among midwifery and nursing students was 32/49±4/45 and 32/58±4/43, respectively. There was no significant relationship between self-esteem level among midwifery and nursing students (p=0/82). Also, there was no significant correlation between self-esteem level and the scores of academic achievement in two groups: midwifery and nursing students. (p>0/05). According to the findings, the majority of students had high self-esteem. It seemed that more attention to this concept is needed to enhance students’ mental health and academic success. Therefore, developing educational programs plays a great role on the self-esteem of the students.

Nursing always is recognized as a practical-based profession and clinical education is the main pillar of nursing. The aim of this meta-synthesis is to determine the factors affecting clinical education in nursing in 2003-2013. In this meta-synthesis study, based on qualitative meta-synthesis method of Noblit & Hare (1988), qualitative studies related to factors affecting nursing clinical education in Iran were retrieved, collected, compared and analyzed in the following databases: SID, Magiran and Iranmedex between the years 2003-2013. Mentioned databases were searched for the following keywords: "clinical education", "field education" and "practical education". Each of the selected studies was reviewed carefully focusing on the details for final interpretation of the clinical education phenomenon. The extracted key concepts from each study were compared with key concepts of other studies. Based on the initial search conducted in the mentioned databases, 18 qualitative studies were found in relation to clinical education and its related factors. From these, 7 studies were closely related to the study subject. In 6 articles, participants were nursing students, nursing faculty members; and in 1 article they were clinical practice officers. Selected Studies were performed in 7 cities including: Tehran, Rasht, Isfahan, North Khorasan, Zanjan, Zahedan, and Urmia. Methods of analysis in all studies were content analysis. The last interpretation of the clinical education phenomenon and its related factors were presented in two categories including: facilitating (reinforcing) factors, and threatening factors. Each category was studied in 4 dimensions, including: student, teacher, environment, and educational programs. The results of this study dealing with factors affecting the clinical education could be useful for students, teachers, and officers in the planning of clinical education. Therefore, it is favorable to conduct further studies.

Given the role of culture in improving the quality of health care, attention to the factors involved are quite important. The social capital is considered as one of the variables that have an influences on the organizational culture and facilitates the individuals’ certain interactions within the structure. The aim of this article is to study the role of social capital in the organization culture from the viewpoint of nursing staff. This was a descriptive-correlation study. Participants were 200 employed nurses in different departments of Zanjan Hospitals. Stratified random sampling method was used for sampling. The inclusion criteria were; having a bachelor’s degree or higher, and employment for 6 months or more. The data collection tool was organizational culture and social capital questionnaires. Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling in Spss and LISREL were used for data analysis. The findings of this research indicate that social capital with the coefficient of 0.76 and the amount of 11.63 t was correlated with organizational culture. In addition, social capital by a standardized coefficient of 0.585 on the consistency culture, and by a standardized coefficient of 0.463 on the responsibility culture, and by a standardized coefficient of 0.789 on the participatory culture, by a standardized coefficient of 0.567 on the adaptability culture will have a significant relationship. Also, the RMSE of 0.003, GFI is 0.92 and the degree of freedom ratio less than 1 indicates that the model is a good fit. Regarding the relationship between social capital and organizational culture among nurses, nurse managers could improve one of them, in particular social capital, that resulted to promote organizational nursing behaviors. In this context, the creation of working groups, delegating authority to nurses and better communication with them can play a great role in the growth of social capital and organizational culture.

Intoduction: By reviewing the results of the previous studies, no conclusive comment can be made on the relationship between three variables of personality, learning style, and academic achievement. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement among students of Zanjan School of Nursing and Midwifery in 2012. In this descriptive and analytical study, among 485 students of Zanjan Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, 235 students were selected by simple random sampling. NEO Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), Kolb Learning Style Inventory (3.1-2005) and demographic form were used of data collection. The collected data were entered into the SPSS version 18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson test. there was a significant correlation between the following factors: "Flexibility" in learning style with "reflective observation" (r= 0.171, p=0.013) and "abstract conceptualization" (r=0.143, p=0.040); "Accountability" with learning style "active experimentation" (r= 156, p=0.250); "Flexibility" (r=0.183, p=0.008), "agreeableness" (r=0.242, p=0.001) and "accountability" (r=0.218, p=0.002) with the score of total grade point average(GPA); also learning style "active experimentation" was related with total grade point average score (r=0.136, p=0.050). Among students of nursing and midwifery of Zanjan, there is a correlation between personality characteristic; “Openness" with learning style; "Reflective Observation" with "Abstract Conceptualization". There is also a correlation between the personality trait; “Conscientiousness” with learning style; “Active Experimentation". Between personality characteristics; "Openness" with GPA, there is also an association. The personality trait; "Agreeableness" is association with GPA. Between the personality trait; “Conscientiousness" with GPA was associated. Finally, learning style; "Active Experimentation" was associated with GPA.

Ethics is an important issue and since the students as new researchers the observance status of ethics in student research is important. This study aimed to determine the barriers of academics and students about status of ethics in the researches conducted by students, their related factors and solutions. This descriptive study was performed using accessible methods, on 55 students and 15 faculty members in Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Sampling lasted from April to June 2013 using the convenient sampling method. Data collected using a four sections questionnaire: demographic information, 29 questions to check the status of ethics, four questions to evaluate relevant factors in three domains of training, related to the student and Management and 1 question was about proposed solutions. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and percentage were used. 39% of the participants were male, 61 percent were females. In view of faculty members and students’ perspective, most cases of violation of ethics occur in the conduct and planning stage (17.9%), and lowest occur in the analysis, reporting and publication of results (0%). In investigating the causes, the domains associated with the students (30.44%) and management - environment (26.55%) had the greatest impact. The most frequent proposed solutions were monitoring systems (47.1 percent) and providing advice (41.4%). Effective causes reported in this study is related to domains associated to the students and management – environmental. Consequently, research managers should consider the proposed solutions in order to expect credible research in the future.

Consultation is one of the most effective factors in the student's educational progress. Lack of belief in the effectiveness of consultation and differences in student's attitudes on the effectiveness of counseling can be a barrier to implementation of this program. Therefore, this study aimed to determine and compare the attitude of faculty members and students toward academic counseling. In this comparative study in 2011, the attitude of 31 faculty members and 250 students (nursing, midwifery and operating room) of Tabriz Nursing and Midwifery faculty with random sampling method, were examined using Adhami's attitude of academic counseling, an 18-item questionnaire. The data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics, (independent t-test, pearson correlation and Oneway analysis of variance) by SPSS version 13. There was a significant difference in the mean and standard deviation of faculty members and students’ attitude; 73.51±7.19 and 63.91±8.18, respectively (P<0.0001). Also in this study, the mean and standard deviation of nursing faculty member's attitude (51.37±1.85) was significantly more than midwifery faculty members (47.78±4.80) (P<0.01). According to the findings, there were differences between the attitudes of faculty members and students in some cases. In the viewpoint of faculty members, counseling was necessary to support the student. In the viewpoint of students, consulting required specialty in the field. Attention to these differences is necessary in providing the necessary counseling services by faculty members.

In addition to the mother's health, midwifery students should also consider the health of the fetus. In this line, learning skills such as; evaluation of the heart and lung systems as part of the medical team is of great importance. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of heart and lung examination using a simulation mannequin with lectures on midwifery student's knowledge and confidence. This is a quasi-experimental study in which they participated 28 midwifery students assigned randomly in two groups of mannequin-based simulation and lecture group. The data collection tool was knowledge and confidence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using central and distribution parameters as well as T-test. The mean ±SD score of knowledge at stimulation with mannequin group and lecture after intervention was 9.21±0.8 and 5/5±1/95, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the two groups (P<0.0001). Also, there was a significant difference between the mean ±SD score of confidence after the intervention by simulation with mannequin 25.35 ±3.65 and lecture 15 ±3.61 group (P>0/0001). According to the results of this study, using the mannequin is an effective way in increasing the knowledge and confidence heart and lungs assessment. Therefore, training centers can be used for these methods, so that the learners spend less time in learning these life-saving techniques.

Streptococcus pneumonia is one of the most common causes of adventitious-respiratory tract bacterial infections and one of the major causes of otitis, bacteremia, meningitis and pneumonia especially in the children. There is little information about the resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia to antibiotics in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Streptococcus pneumonia carrier and survey of microbial resistance in the children. The current cross-sectional study was conducted from November to March 2012 in 554 children aged 2-12 years. Participants in the study were, preschool and school children in different parts of Kermanshah, Iran. Samples were collected using a sterile swab from the nasopharynx. The samples were transported to the laboratory using a medium. Then they were cultured on Blood agar. After isolation, confirmatory tests to determine antibiotic susceptibility were conducted. the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumonia was seen in 15% of cases. Antibiotic resistance isolates from these samples to antibiotics, including; azithromycin, amoxicillin, rifampin, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, co-trimoxazole and ceftriaxone were 63.9%, 56.6%, 41%, 37.3%, 37.7 % and 3.6%, respectively. Also, 31.1% of the isolates were not resistant against any antibiotics. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic resistance, especially for Azithromycin, Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid and Cotrimoxazole antibiotics. This indicates increased risk of resistance to treatment in the infectious diseases. Hence the necessity of adequate education to physicians and the public about the indiscriminate use of antibiotics.