International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Spring 2015

Simultaneous occurrence of psychiatric disorders and substance abuse disorders have widespread effects and are associated with worse prognosis. Addicts should be treated in accordance with the requirements of each of these people. This study aimed at investigating the simple and multiple relationships between morningness/eveningness, anxiety sensitivity and addiction potential in university students. For this purpose 380 students were selected by cluster sampling from Islamic Azad University and payamenoorfarshband. The scales used for this descriptive study were anxiety sensitivity index (ASI), Composite Scale Of morningness (CSM) and Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS). For data analysis, simple correlation and regression methods were used. There were simple and multiple relationships between morningness/eveningness, anxiety sensitivity and addiction potential. Multiple regression analysis showed that morningness/eveningness, anxiety sensitivity had significant multiple correlation with addiction potential. But Anxiety sensitivity towards morningness further predicted addiction potential. According to research results can be said to individuals that have anxiety and fear and unable to control their anxiety, May have to use drugs to control their own. Inaddition Individuals who have morning personalities are less inclined to use drugs because they are more refreshed in the morning.

The purpose of the present research was comparing tendency to risky behaviors in secure/insecure attachment in parents (mother/father). This research followed by a causal comparative method. The Sample were selected by an available method and was consisted of 340 single people (171 girls and 169 boys) living in Tehran, ranging between 18 and 30 years old. The data were collected via using the Young Adult's Risky Behaviors Scale (Zadeh Mohammadi et al. 2010), and Experience in Close Relationships-Relationships Structure Questionnaire (Frailyet al. 2011). Descriptive methods of statistics such as mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as Manova was used as well. The Results showed that those showing insecure attachment patterns towards the mother were significantly higher at risk to become cigarette smokers, drug persuasion, and alcohol drinkers compared to those with secure attachment patterns. Also those showing insecure attachment patterns towards the father were significantly higher at risk to become cigarette smokers, drug persuasion, compared to those with secure attachment patterns. By considering the high-risk behavior in term of attachment, this research demonstrates that secure attachment creates an internal working model that provides compatible guidelines while encountering the stressful events.

The aim of this study is essay, the association between borderline personality disorder and premenstrual syndrome in patients with borderline personality. In this case -control study, 400 students at high schools stage of Education in Tehran, randomly selected. All the students were aged between 19-15 y, did not use OCP, regular menstrual cycles and cycle lengths (between 35-21 days). PMS questionnaire and daily documentation of PMS symptoms questionnaire was completed by students in 2 menstrual cycles. How to record the exact symptoms of subjects were learned to patients. Individuals with PMS diagnosis were observed as of the case study group. Then people with borderline personality disorder based on utility (SCIDII) Identification and prevalence rates in the two groups that were studied. The population in this study was 400 high school students who were randomly selected from the girls high schools in one aerie of Tehran city (the capital of IRAN). According our result, distribution of patients with BPD and non- BPD patients according to disease severity of PMS. Based on statistical analysis, the frequency of patients with borderline personality disorder significantly relation [Sig: 0.001] was more seen in students with PMS, and also there was a significant relationship was seen between severity of PMS and borderline personality disorder [Sig: 0.001]. Finally, according to the surveys conducted in the relevant literature, a study has specifically, borderline personality disorder among people suffering from PMS, has not been evaluated.

The basic objective of this paper was to study the flourishing of Iranian students based on Seligman model and its comparison based on demographic variables. 400 subjects of all students enrolled in the second semester of academic year of 2014-2015 in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad were randomly classified and studied as the sample group. Flourishing questionnaire was used to test the hypotheses. The flourishing questionnaire includes four components of positive emotions, relationships, meaning and achievement. To analyze the research data, the followings were used: percentage, mean, system dynamics (SD), multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test. Descriptive results showed that 5% of students are at wilting point; 30% have relative mental health and 65% are at flourishing state. The highest percentage of flourishing students was in the meaning component (72.5%), while the lowest percentage of them was found in the positive emotions component (59.75%). The results of MANOVA test and follow-up tests also showed that the flourishing rate of the students is not affected by father's education, mother's education, father's occupation, mother's occupation, school and residence of the students (native or non-native); however, the flourishing rate of the students in the relationships component was significantly different with regard to the gender and education of the students; This means that the female students compared to the male students, and master and PhD students compared to the undergraduate students had earned higher scores in the relationships component. At the end, according to the results of the present study, it is suggested to develop a unique intervention program to promote and foster flourishing of the students, while considering gender and educational differences in the relationships component.Declaration of Interest: None.

The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic and adverse effects of haloperidol to the combination of haloperidol and promethazine (antipsychotic + antihistamine) for controlling patients with aggressive or violent behavior referred to psychiatric emergency rooms. Using a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 100 psychiatric patients admitted to emergency room of Taleghani hospital, Tehran/Iran, randomly received intramuscular haloperidol or haloperidol plus promethazine. The patients were observed at 20, 40, 60, 120 minute intervals and then at 6, 12 and 24 hourly intervals to determine if they were tranquil or asleep, need for further injection, serious adverse effects, acute dystonia, akathisia, need for other medications, and need for admission to hospital based on clinical judgment. The mean age of patients was 36.25 years and 69% were male. Patients receiving promethazine plus haloperidol were more tranquil after 2, 6 and 12 hours and sustained sleep after hours 2 and 6. Adding promethazine to haloperidol decreased the need for repeated involvement of the psychiatrist on duty, using additional medications and hospital admission. Patients taking the combination of haloperidol and promethazine did not experience more adverse effects than those taking only haloperidol. The combination of haloperidol plus promethazine can be safely used in emergency rooms for controlling patient with agitation and aggressive behavior resulting in a sustained tranquilization or asleep and lower need for further intervention.

According to drug gateway theory, smoking cigarette, especially, low onset age of smoking, is one of the risk factors for future use. The present study deals with comparison of nicotine addicts and opiate addicts in order to identify that what differences in personality traits and onset age of smoking exist in these two groups that cause some individuals to appeal to other substances after starting to use cigarette. Two groups of opiate addicts and nicotine addicts were randomly selected. Revised version of Cloninger’s Temperament Inventory Questionnaire, Fagrastrom’s Nicotine Dependence and Maudsley’s Addiction Profile were used. The study length was 10 month. ANOVA and logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Opiate addicts had higher scores in novelty seeking dimension and lower scores in cooperativeness (P= 0/001), compared to nicotine addicts. The onset age of smoking cigarette in opiate addicts was lower than nicotine addicts. Low onset age of smoking cigarette, high novelty seeking and low cooperativeness in opiate dependents are among the important personality traits in future use of drugs that can predict the subsequent start of using opiate drugs.Declaration of Interest: None.

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the outer section of the adrenal cortex. Both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids receptors are present in brain structures (e.g. hippocampus and amygdala) that are involved in behavior such as fear and anxiety. We report a 54 year old male who was referred from the endocrine ward presented with a dysphoric mood, irritability, insomnia, decreased in appetite, talkativeness, anhedonia, hopelessness, worthlessness, recurrent thought of death, somatic symptoms, which include palpitation and sweating. Mental status examination revealed bipolar 1 disorder, single episode mixed, severe, without psychotic feature based on diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorder (DSM TR) The aldosterone was high and renin was low. Other clinical examination was normal. The age of onset, no history of mood episodes, atypical feature of this episode and associated hyperaldosteronism suggest the causal role of aldosterone in this episode. The patient was treated with Depakin 500m/d, Quetiapine 50mg/d and Haloperidol mg/d. His mental and somatic symptoms improved in 4 weeks. This case can show the relationship between hyperaldosteronism and mood episodes. For future studies, it is decent to do more investigation to find the role of aldosterone in mood regulation. Declaration of Interest: None.