نشریه علوم و فنون مرزی
پیاپی 5 (تابستان 1392)

By investigating the colonial competitions of England, Russia, and France at the beginning of 19th century, the present manuscript addresses the results and consequences of the competitions. The results of the article show that after removing the danger of Napoleon, Russia and England made Iran a center of testing their strengths for pursuing their interests and objectives. Each of them took their own approach upon Iran and consequently made another reaction against the selected approach. The ups and downs of these actions and reactions resulted in attempts to establish Iran’s sovereignty in Harat and the reaction of England towards these attempts and finally it led to Paris Peace Treaty in 1857 and the permanent separation of Afghanistan from Iran. The present article analyzes the mentioned ups and downs relying on documented studies and resources.

Border is one of the basic concepts in political geography. Border is an imaginary line on space that separates two nations, two countries, and two ruling systems. Spiritual space or cyber is also an imaginative space which has been created via connecting computers that connect all human beings, machinery, and informational resources in the world. Considering the development and rapid transactions of information among remote distances, this thought comes to our mind that there is no border in cyberspace. In this article an attempt is made to investigate the concept of border transformations in the field of cyberspace. The findings show that these days the border has not lost its importance, rather its functions have become different in a way that even border controlling in cyberspace are done through filtering, telecommunications codes, credit cards, and internet codes. Even the existence of smart borders in some countries such as the United States of America and Canada indicates that governments seek to control different flows in their countries’ territories.

Employment is considered as an essential need and one of the basic activities for human beings. In this regard, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of employment on security. A kind of similarity and continuity has risen between these two categories that they cannot be simply distinguished. This study has been conducted aiming at providing job opportunity in border areas and its impact on security in Astara border city. This study is of a descriptive-analytic type and it has been compiled through data collection using library method and the relevant appropriate organizations’ statistics. In this paper, by mentioning the frontiersmen’s employment and economy and introducing the effective factors on frontiersmen’s underdevelopment, we try to address the characteristics of Astara border city as the safest border city in the country. Then, we discuss the job opportunity provision in this city in the areas of industries, agriculture, fisheries, and cooperation. In addition, by explaining the difficulties, the Astara city’s development strategies, the strategies for providing job opportunities are presented. The findings of the research show that due to the released data by the appropriate organizations and agencies the Astara border city is facing with unemployment rising and thereby frontier young men’s increasing migration rate to the other cities of the province and also the other provinces of the country and by continuing current conditions it will have an unfavorable effect on the favorable security of this city. Paying attention to the frontiersmen’s employment in different fields in this region by the officials will lead to the establishment of security and order in border areas.

Today the new geography is that part of science that is actively involved in the security - construction development plans, and somehow found its position in the security issues.Understanding the relationship between humans and the environment is considered as an important part of humans’ threats against them; in this context human encounter with his surroundings in terms of security issue is a considerable proportion of it. Today, the geographical component must be considered in two levels of human communities with a view to creating a new security.Each of these factors alone could be accounted when it is defined in terms security put in the path, would get the benefit of creating the new security issues. The methodology of this study is of a descriptive-analytic type which has been released after the study and descriptive investigation of the condition. The data collection process is of a free library study type. The results suggest that the geography and security are two distinct, and at the same time, complementary components, i.e., security geography and geography security. One of them has an internal and nature approach and the other external and epistemological approach. The national security is the capacity of governments to maintain an independent identity and functional integrity. So, geography emphasizes on the applied ways in the arena of security research.

Iran borders have crossed through different peoples and cultures, and in the classifications of the boundaries they are considered as imposed ones. However, the imposed boundaries having a little threat, specifically centrifugal threat, have high potential for integration and cooperation. In this vein, a government is successful that by appropriate planning, recalling common history, and participating the frontiersmen in political power, economic development, and border areas’ development and frontiers welfare acts in a way to absorb the left ethnic group over the border to itself, and to design a common future without any ethnic discrimination. In this way, the focus of this crisis, especially the crises raised by the voices of independency or joining to other countries, would be transferred over the borders and it would provide an appropriate opportunity for the state sovereignty. In this case, the so-called imposed boundaries will become an opportunity integration stability of security.

Claims of increasing involvement of organized crime organizations in people smuggling and trafficking have recently attracted attention and concern at national and international levels. Over the last decade both Turkey and Greece have been exposed to the flow of irregular migrants often being smuggled through the Middle East to the Balkans, and then intending to sneak into western Europe. This article first elaborates the dynamics and mechanisms of human smuggling from Turkey to Greece, evaluates the nature of smuggling between Turkey and Greece on the basis of empirical evidence, and then shifts its attention to the question of how these two countries respond to the challenges of this trans-border crime. In seeking a proper answer to this question, the article tries to relate the smuggling question in the Balkan region to its wider context in the European realm.