پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 5 (پاییز 1393)

Iran-Pakistan border is one of the most insecure IRI borders during last decades; cases like illegal borderline transit, increasing frequency of drug, human and goods smuggling and trafficking, illegal transit of villains, criminals and their terroristic operations are among the reasons which not only make security challenges, but also inhibit Iran-Pakistan convergence and cooperation. The study is to identify and review geographical features of Iran’s south-east borders and offer a theoretical and operational framework to prevent insecurity and confront with regional threats; its method is descriptive-analytic and is done with defensive-security perspective in GIS context. Indeed the main question of the study is that: what are geographical features of Iran-Pakistan borderline from defense and security perspectives? And what are their impacts on territorial defense and security management in these areas? The results showed that we have some advantages in some areas of this borderline, though we confront with geographical limitations which must be appropriately heeded, since this serious consideration will play significant role in supplying and preparing security and territorial defense in defensive and security plans.

Is considered one of the problems financial corruption in developing countries due to the economy, smuggling. Our country is a developing country, We are now faced with some kind of contraband smuggled fuel. The dangers of excessive smuggling of petroleum products has created this crisis, in addition to threatening the national economy and social systems, financial And development of security risks. The purpose of this research is to measure the economic, social and cultural factors on the incidence of smuggling In Margavar Rural District. For the purpose of this study is the application of the analytical method. The research population is included in the southwestern city of orumiyeh Margavar Rural District. The action continues in the library of resources to gather information on this research. Was used to collect data from samples classified according to distance from the border villages And 10 villages were selected randomly And a sample of 200 households were asked to question the relationship Cochrane. Also be used to draw a map of Arc GIS 10.2 software. Finally, the data obtained were analyzed using the software Excel, Spss (using regression analysis and Friedman test). Research results show that the factors (social, economic and cultural), Is the most important motivating factor and the tendency to work illegally, with important economic factor 2/52, Also And can also be followed on the trend of trafficking, the importance of cultural factors 1/77, and Important social factor 1/71.

The deed of 20-year perspective strategies is in the climax of the purposes of the Planning System of Iran whose achievement in 1404/2025 depends on expanding development from different aspects to achieve a territorial land; among these, borderline-coastal towns of Guilan Province have a specific and special significance due to their geographical location and closeness to Caspian Sea. According to the role of human development in borderline cities, the study is to measure human development indexes and their components for borderline-coastal towns of Guilan Province. This was an applied study and the method was descriptive-survey. Statistical population include borderline-coastal towns of Guilan Province involving 8 coastal towns and one borderline town which were studied based on their effective variables related to human development index; and the study measured and assessed three indexes of education, life expectancy and GDP per capita. Data collection tool for literature review and theoretical literature sections were library and internet resources. Iran’s Statistics Center was the official source of Information in this regard, too. The results showed that all borderline-coastal towns of Guilan Province have an average and normal condition from development perspective in 1390 (the values are between 0.5 and 0.8). These statistics showed a similar condition for all borderline-coastal towns of Guilan Province from development perspective and there are no basic differences from development criteria perspective. Based on results of Human Development Index (HDI), we came to this conclusion that we can increase the level of development and plan for removing deprivations by identifying less developed areas and their capacities, advantages and disadvantages.

Equal and homogeneous development and optimized spatial organization in borderline areas are among factors which can make relative sustainability and stability and reduce tension and conflicts at least regarding poverty and economic deprivation. Such development must multilaterally and comprehensively develop these areas and political construction shall be organized in such a way that grow development indexes and minimize deprivation and underprivileged status at little as possible. Therefore, current study reviews development and privilege status of borderline towns of West Azarbayejan Province with descriptive-analytic method and based on Multi-Criteria Decision Models. Therefore, Five indexes of urban green space, reverse value of sponsorship, percent of literacy, reverse of family to habitation, women employment coefficient and privilege level of five borderline cities of Silvane, Sarv, Tazeh Shahr, Poldahst and Bazargan in West Azarbayejan were measured using weighted linear combination and Shanon entropy coefficient. The main question is that: how is spatial development in borderline cities? The results showed that Bazargan town is the top city regarding all five abovementioned indexes and Sarv, Silvaneh, and Poldasht are 2nd ,3rd and 4th towns respectively and Tazeh Shahr borderline town is the most underprivileged and deprived borderline town in West Azarbayejan. It should be added that there is no obvious difference in level of privilege of these 5 towns and their privilege level regarding Spatial Organization of development indexes is below average range

It is necessary from various aspects particularly social, cultural and human development to supply equal opportunities for all members of society to achieve appropriate educational opportunities and services. Education and pedagogy is vital to increase equal life expectancy, since one of the most effective ways to achieve social justice and decrease social inequalities is to offer equal and similar opportunities of education and pedagogy for all society members. The study is to review development status among borderline towns of North Khorasan Province regarding variables related to educational indexes using Multi-Criteria Decision Models. According to this, educational indexes were considered development criteria. Statistical population includes borderline towns of North Khorasan Province. Statistical samples include 10 variables of educational services. Its method is descriptive-analytic; data were collected from statistical yearbook of this province in 1391. The results showed that the only Developed city among all seven cities of this borderline province is Bojnurd (Supra Developed Level). Shirvan, Esfarayen, Mane, Somolghan are under development cities and Farouj is a semi-developed town. Jajarm and Garmeh are among non-developed, underprivileged and deprived towns.

Developments caused by globalization make people and goods more moving and this causes harder controlling borders and more problems for different governments around the globe. These problems caused by reduction of powers in controlling borders in Persian Gulf area are very significant since decreasing control of maritime borders may threat national security and interests. According to recent developments regarding electronic and wireless transmission, the capability to design and construct sensors which can receive different environmental kinds of data, and can process and send information motivates responsible authorities to use them for controlling maritime borders. The study had a descriptive-analytic method and attempted to answer this question that: can we use Strategic Wireless Sensor Network to better control Persian Gulf maritime borders of Iran? The results showed that Strategic Wireless Sensor Network easily detects movement, invasion, military operation and or shipping within Iran territorial waters and quickly acts to reassure security. This network is an effective strategy to better control maritime borders due to speeding access to information in different areas, low cost for its maintenance, and its low energy consumption. In other hand, when enemy tries to disable military radars by sending waves, this system will continue to work properly .

Race, Ethnocentrism or Ethnicity is a phenomenon which caused massive changes around the world. Our country, Iran, was also affected by this phenomenon, since it is located within pathway of historical immigrations of different races. One of obvious example of Ethnocentrism and Nationalism is emergence of Pan-Turkism, in extreme level, in the beginning of 20th century. It reviews the role of Ethnocentrism or Ethnicity in borderline areas of East Azarbayejan and Ardabil, focusing on Pan-Turkism. This was an applied and correlation study and the method was qualitative. Statistical population includes Islamic Councils and Public Constitution deputies of borderline areas of East Azarbayejan and Ardabil. Selecting examples and Sampling method was accidental and the formula for determining sample size considers 155 persons. Research tool is a 30-question scholar-made questionnaire. The validity of tool was measured by Cronbach Alpha and its value is 0.83 and its reliability is approved by formal reliability. Data were analyzed by statistical tests known as Spearman's rank correlation coefficient in SPSS. The results of hypotheses test show that there is no significant effect between Pan-Turkism ideas and public divergence of borderline areas of East Azarbayejan and Ardabil with Pan-Turkism advertisements from outside Iran border in social, cultural and security aspects. Moreover, Ardabil people knew Pan-Turkism purposes very well and their Iranian identity had a great power in neutralizing the effects of Pan-Turkism advertisements.

Since the victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1357/1978, colonialist countries did massive operations to war against and confront with IRI; however honorific resistance of Iranian Nation and failure of all of these strategies forced colonial system and countries to accuse Iran of inattention to democracy, civil freedoms, political parties, freedom of expression, and implementing ethnic suppression and so on to enact high pressure and threat IRI. Therefore, this article tries to explain the concept of freedom from Iran and West perspectives, and analyze the level of freedom among Golestan Province borderline residents, which specifically have obvious religious, linguistic and ethnic differences; this also analyzed the relation of this with security. This research was survey and had questionnaire; statistical population includes 58600 persons from 18 to 65 year old living in borderline areas of Golestan Province in 1393/2013 among which 385 persons were selected by Cochran Formula as sample size. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to test hypotheses and research model respectively. The results showed that most borderline residents in Golestan Province (58.9 %) have answered the level of freedom with “Much” and “Very Much” items which shows that there is a desirable personal and social freedom in statistical population; moreover, by proving the significant relation between freedom variable and security feeling, we can come to this conclusion that improving freedom aspects in framework of Constitution will improve security feeling among these people.