فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 23، پاییز 1394)

Due to the strategic role of the entrepreneur as the human factor plays in business, to conduct their business successfully requires abilities and talents that competency to be called. Competencies as a cluster of knowledge, attitudes and skills are defined that the entrepreneur must have or obtained to provide outstanding performance and have maximum profit in his business. Thus the importance of entrepreneurial competencies during the past few decades has increased in entrepreneurship studies. Competencies through personal behavior and actions are explained, they are visible and compared to personality traits changed in short-term. This idea allows us educational intervention. So entrepreneurs who have exposed to such training are expected to start-up businesses have better prepared than those who have not attended this training. On the other hand, with the prediction of competencies that influence the success of entrepreneurs, the educational system can be take action to the creation and strengthening of the competencies of people, especially from a young age.Thus, policymakers can take positive actions and policies to promote the development of entrepreneurship in society. In order to use the term entrepreneurial competencies, background growing emphasis on the role of the entrepreneurial competence.So far little attention has been devoted to the competencies, as key variable influencing the success of entrepreneurs; the main purpose of this study was to analyze competencies of rural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Township.This study was conducted using quantitative method.The population of the study, including rural entrepreneurs that from the year 1386 until the end of 1393, in the field of tourism, crafts, home business, Processing and complementary industries and agriculture are working in the villages of the Kermanshah Township. The statistical population consisted of 110 rural entrepreneurs that with using Kerjci and Morgan table, a sample size of 86 people were selected by random sampling technique. To examine the competencies of rural entrepreneurs from 74-point scale of Man (2001) were used. The validity and reliability of this scale before in study of Man (2001) evaluated. The competencies, including nine dimensions: strategic, commitment, concept, opportunity, leadership and organization, relationships, learning, personal and technical competencies. The scale according to criteria such as comprehensiveness of model, face validity, repeatability and psychometric properties of the scales used to measure competencies of rural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Township. To measure the content validity, the questionnaire was given to academic experts and professionals. After revisions, the validity was confirmed. For descriptive analysis, from the mean, standard deviation (in order to prioritize the competencies of rural entrepreneurs) and percent were used. Also to examine the level of entrepreneur’s competencies, according to the minimum and maximum of response rate, questions were divided to the three categories: high, medium and low. In section of inferential analysis, to examine the differences between men and women entrepreneurs in terms of competencies were used of Mann-Whitney test.Based on the findings, compared to men entrepreneurs, women have a lower average in the entrepreneurial competencies. So women entrepreneurs in relation to the entrepreneurial competencies were not desirable. This can be due to the existence of particular discriminations and social and cultural barriers such as the culture of masculinity, prefers boys and lower level of services provided to women. Women and girls have very little access to credit resources and there are fewer job opportunities for these rural producers and do not interfere in the decisions of the village or to them will not be allowed to participate. So it seems perfectly logical that women entrepreneurs have less entrepreneurial competencies. Unfortunately, there are many barriers to women's participation in rural areas and conditions of the development of personality and creativity less favorable for them. In our country, extension and vocational training programs for rural women and girls have not been widely implemented. While the acquisition of knowledge and skills through different training one of the factors contributing to the start-up of businesses. Also, environment of rurals so that women will not be permitted to attend men meetings, in another hand, women are half-forgotten of human capital in rural areas. So for the empowerment of the human resource in country have invested and human and educational investment not only investing in rural women but investing in the future of society. So you have to empowerment of the human resource development and investment in human capital and educational investment in rural women today not only investing in the future of society.Also, the findings of prioritize entrepreneurial competencies showed that both groups of women and men entrepreneurs in relation to the organization and leadership and strategic competence are weak. Entrepreneurs’ weakness in organization and leadership and strategic competencies than others competencies can affect their success. In the next step, entrepreneurial competencies among entrepreneurs analyzed according to gender. The results showed that significant differences exist between men and women entrepreneurs in terms of technical competency. In other words, compared to men, women entrepreneurs had a more desirable situation in relation to the technical competency. Women have less experience in technical positions. Thus, women in business need to have opportunities to increase their technical competency. Having technical competency can play a key role in the success of entrepreneurs.

The development of agricultural processing during post production processes has the advantages of reducing production as well as post production waste management, enhancing agricultural commodity value, and improves employment status. The geographical location of Kermanshah province coupled with quality of water and soil properties and diverse climatic conditions gives the province a unique potential in fruit processing industry. Interestingly, Kermanshah province is known for its orchard farming activities. However, during the recent decade orchard farmers are somehow discouraged to expand their orchard farming activities due to lack of processing. Studies show that there is a need for small local processing plants across Kermanshah province. However, during the past a few years, more than 20 fruit processing factories has been given business certificates through the Office of Industry and Mining to launch their business activities. Surprisingly, only five of these factories are actually running and doing business. Therefore, it became apparent as to why these factories have run out of business considering that the province have many potentials for fruit processing plants across the region. The result of this study has implications for rural development practitioners in general and orchard farming in particular. The exploratory nature of this study encouraged the researchers to utilize qualitative research method. Qualitative paradigm seeks to unfold what is hidden in the data. In other words, qualitative researcher takes a deep and narrow look at the context of his study while the quantitative researcher takes a wide and shallow perspective at the context of his study. This study therefore took a deep and narrow perspective to study the current challenges facing fruit processing. Using purposeful sampling, experts and organizations as well as managers of fruit processing plants participated in this study. Data collection methodology comprised of deep interviews with participants. A total of 8 experts agreed to appear in the interview that lasted 10 hours in total. The interview process continued until no further information emerged during the interview process. Thus a theoretical saturation was reached. Data was analyzed using content analysis and for the ease of categorizing and arranging the categories NVivo qualitative data analysis was used. A total of 8 categories and 31 concepts emerged as a result of data analysis. These categories and concepts represented the challenges facing fruit processing industries in Kermanshah province. The trustworthiness of findings was tested using triangulation techniques such as peer review and member check as well as different data collection procedures. Results revealed that challenges facing fruit processing industry in Kermanshsah can be grouped into 8 categories. Namely, market constraints, work labor problems, managerial challenges, impacts of cash subsidaries and economic sanctions imposed by international forces, lack of coordination between organizations serving agricultural industry, extensive paperwork during certificate issuance, lack of support from government bodies, and a lack of strategic planning from fruit processing industries. The market constraints was mainly due to lack of consumer trust on products being processed. Moreover, managers indicated that they have to buy the raw materials in cash but they have to sell them in instalments. Work labor problems was mentioned several times becasue experts believed that the culture of work is veryt weak in the province. Manegerial problems was due to poor management strategies and lack of feasibility study. Impact of cash subsidaries and economic sanctions emerged as a result of increased production cost. Lack of coordination between organizations serving agricultural industry was due to weak manegerial capabilities in agricultural industries with fruit processing plants. Extensive paperwork during certificate issuance emerged as result of lack of experience on behalf of experts working in certificate departments. Lack of support from government bodies was another challenge facing fruit processing plants. This was due to challenges in accessing credit. Lack of strategic planning from fruit processing plants emerged as a result of not having a pre-plan guidlines so that potential new starters can refer to and follow the procedures. Conclusion and Recommendations: Overall it can be concluded that fruit processing industry in Kermanshah province is facing a major challenge from market and marketing procedures. The result of this study has practical implications as well as theoretical implications. First, Policy-makeres should be cognizant of the challenges facing fruit processing industries mentioned in this study. Moreover, rural development prectitioners can be made aware of the challenegs in order to launch development schemes in kermanshah province in the hope of making fruit processing industry a viable enterprise across Kermanshah region. Finally, more attention should be made on the four challenges as a major roots in marketing problems.

formatting boundary markets as a new method for economic development of Iran frontier areas has been proposed in recent decades. In the border trade various actors involved. The main approach of the researches done in the field of border trading has focused on economic and security approach and the role of government in this process, and the role of social actors in the development of cross-border trading has rarely been investigated. A fact which has rarely been focused on is that which actors were involved in the formation of boundary market and how they impact on the development of border trade. In the process of formation and development of border trade, various individuals and groups have played a role. In this research we focused on the role of rural actors in the formation of market of Bane and have put forward the idea that the quality and type of their role in the process of border trade over time, have been determined their status in the market activity, and Due to the significant Attendance of rural actors in market activities created changes in the dimensions of rural life. Villagers have created relationships beyond the border over time and so created important linkages to strengthen trading relations. This paper seeks to examine the role of villagers in the formation of BANE market (in Kurdistan province) and their position in the market and recognizing changes in rural areas as a result of the villagers’ entrance in border trade. In this study, qualitative method was used to study the issue. Data in this study were obtained using depth interviews, filed observation, and review of the documents. Statistical population is involved villagers in market. At first, by exploratory study were obtained basic information about involved villagers in the border trade, local informed people, border villages and goods entrance pathways. The method of "snowballing" was used to access to samples. Depth interviews were done with 30 samples. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Accordingly, we tried to divide the text in a systematic way to analytical units and develop categories based on the special theoretical aspects. Sectors that had little relevance or explanations that had similar meanings were excluded and similar phrases were gathered in one group and summarized and finally the analysis was performed based on the items extracted from the text and was analyzed using theoretical concepts. This issue has been analyzed in two parts: First investigating of villagers role in formation of border trade and their position in the market of Bane and second, recognizing changes in rural areas as a result of the villagers’ entrance in border trade.. Based on the results, market has historical roots and has been formed based on social, cultural, kinship, geographical and job ties of inhabitants on both sides of the border. so the villagers’ role is vital as the first line of boundary relationship in this area and they have succeeded in different market segments such as imports, shop keeping, guarantor, porter(to carry goods in back) and freight. They work in high and low level section of market. Although more of them have occupied the subordinate parts the market but rural actors are one of the vital and effective actors in border trade. Such a situation has caused a combination of "urban-rural structure" in market of Bane. Due to the significant Attendance of rural actors in market activities, some changes have been occurred in the livelihoods of villagers and the rural population, especially after 2000 that border trade flourished. So that now days only 16 percent of workers worked in the agricultural part and also a high rate of rural migration to urban areas has been occurred in this period. the strengthening and expansion of border trade and the villagers’ participation in these activities means, reducing the share of agriculture in the economy and also the reduction of the rural population. Although 31.5% of the population live in rural areas, but mainly in the way of living and rural economy dominated by border trade. Major changes have occurred in rural livelihoods and more changes will be observed in the future.

Trust has a profound link with risk. It is a reliable solution for increasing resilience against various risks. Increased trust is what Emile Durkheim called “moral density” and contemporary writers discuss it under the heading of “social capital”. The concept of trust has received much consideration and analysis across many disciplines. It has been associated with many positive benefits such as cooperative behavior, ‘‘adaptive organizational forms,’’ conflict reduction, decreased transaction costs, and the ability to organize. According to Barber (1983), trust is essential to every social relationship or social system, because trust reduces disorder and facilitates goal attainment. Communication facilitates trust and reduces symptoms related to mass ignorance, that prevents spontaneous collective action. Bridging social capital is one of the most important components of the social capital for sustainable local and regional development. Given the importance of social capital in capacity building, strengthening the mobilization of the local communities, and for local sustainable development, in this study attention was paid to the relationship between trust and cooperation, which are important aspects of social capital. Bridging social capital in this study has been evaluated in the four villages of Dust Abad, Bostaq, Zangooii and Se-Qaleh city in the Iranian province of South Khorasan. The social capital of local stakeholder networks for sustainable development in the four areas targeted by the RFLDL project was investigated.Conducting a survey, using direct observation and interviews with target groups, identified first nodes of the network consisting of the head of small development committees (funds) (such as decision-makers in each sub-group) in each area. Afterward, based on the complete network method, a network analysis questionnaire was developed and questions about trust and partnership between residents were asked. During the full network method development all heads of small development committees including 63 people in four districts were studied. It should be noted that indicators examined in this article are related to large-scale network of relations between the heads of the four regions. Network macro-level indicators such as density, reciprocity, transitivity, geodesic distance and the average distance of intra-group and between group relations were calculated using the UCINET Software. Creation of an integrated network, is the appropriate way to achieve sustainable development. One of the goals of the International RFLDL Project was strengthening communication and interaction of subgroup-heads, as community leaders in the four regions, in order to strengthen social capital through social-system resilience, in the face of dangers and environmental stresses, like desertification and climate change, expanding upon them. In this paper, the relationship of trust and partnership as the most important dimensions of social capital for heads of the committees is examined. This reviews and assesses the effectiveness of the RFLDL project from a social viewpoint.The results indicate that trust, cooperation, solidarity and social capital, before the RFLDL project was implemented, were weak, while after the implementation of RFLDL these indexes increased and reached moderate levels. Also the indexes measuring the average geodesic distance, the speed of trust and cooperation exchange between the people increased after the program compared to the levels before its implementation, suggesting a greater unity in the study area. The EI-index diagnosed an increasing amount of intra-group bridges, which doubled after the implementation of the projects in the four regions. In other words, RFLDL's measures supported the formation of more sustainable and coherent networks among the leaders, mutual trust and mutual cooperation increased. Results show that social capital and social empowerment increased to double levels, which will also support the reduction of social exclusion. After the implementation of the project, outer group social capital among the four regions has increased, which in turn asserts reduced social ignorance, increases social welfare and improved participation of residents. Based on the survey methodology and results it can be concluded, that network analysis can measure and evaluate useful indicators in relation to social factors affecting local sustainable development and empowerment. The formation and strengthening of community organizations achieved increasing social welfare and wider participation in decision-making. To achieve successful social empowerment, local sustainable development and fight social ignorance, social capital and social cohesion, with an emphasis on trust and cooperation, need to be further build. Certainly, with the accumulation of social capital the quality of life in the project area will also increase. Stronger trusting ties between the committees in the four regions, support sustainable rural development, and will be an important step in strengthening the spirit of cooperation between them, which is the opposite of social exclusion and an important contribution to socio-ecological resilience.

World tourism organization estimates that tourism industry, as the most important industry in 2020, with an overall income of 2 trillion dollars and 1.561 billion travelers, has the first role in development of economics of countries. So this industry is a good opportunity for developing countries like Iran, which has rich cultural and wilderness attractions. Because of growing tourist with cultural targets in world, and Iran's rank in cultural heritage attractions (10th in world), a special attention is needed to cultural tourism and abilities spread in villages, a scientific understanding of facilities and limits, opportunities and its threats is also vital. Many villages posses rich and unique cultural background and valuable historical monuments, each of which contain a part of historical identity of this land. Unfortunately despite of this richness and diversity, this type of tourism has not grown enough in our villages. Villages of The city of Binaloud being adjacent to Mashhad metropolis (24 km) on one hand, and on the other hand because of its intact nature, accept lots of eco-tourists each year. To develop cultural tourism in potential villages, the need for using scientific strategies to reconstruct and develop cultural tourism is raising. The aim of this study is to identify and chose best strategies in developing cultural tourism in potential villages in the city of Binaloud, and to provide a base for planning and developing cultural tourism in rural areas. Following questions are proposed to achieve this goal: 1- What kind of strategy is effective for cultural tourism in current situation; this strategy shall prevent threats and then utilize good points and opportunities, and meanwhile resolve our weaknesses? 2- What are the best strategies for reaction to current conditions of rural cultural tourism in the city of Binaloud? The research method and type are descriptive-analytic and practical-developmental, respectively. Data collection has been carried out by documental and field methods. First, weaknesses, strengths and opportunities and threats in developing cultural tourism were identified by wide documental studies. Then primary surveys were proposed to some of experts and village chiefs to ask for important internal or external factors which can be strengths, weaknesses, opportunities or threats for the development of cultural tourism, Then necessary adjustments were done based on theoretical literature and extraction of common points. Final factors – as most limiting or helping ones in improvement and continuity of development of cultural tourism in rural areas under study - were distributed among 40 responsible officials and experts in Cultural Heritage, crafts and tourism Organization of the city of Binaloud and also 10 village chiefs those have enough potential in their villages to give their views. After conduction and correction of strategies, they scored the strategies from 0 to 20, based on respondent's answers. A combination of strategic planning models and artificial neural networks was utilized to analyze the data and to present strategies for developing cultural tourism in villages.Discussion and Resalts: First step in strategic analysis is to identify key strategic factors in relation to the problem under investigation. Overall, 13 strengths and 13 weaknesses were identified in internal factors, and 8 opportunity plus 5 threats were recognized among external ones, and must-do strategies were conducted based on these points. Then its elements were laid-out in the combined model of strategic planning and artificial neural network SWOT-ANN, and a first model was created. The aim of this model is to select the best strategy, and because of its good ability in modeling, the ANN method was used to analyze an prioritize the strategies of the research. After creating the network and calculating based on the mentioned pattern, 10 prior strategies were found. Based on normalized points, those belonging to conservative strategy, defensive strategy, offensive strategy and competitive strategy gained 0.5431, 0.2842, 0.1727 and 0.1256 points, respectively. Based on these points it can be said that conservative strategy shall get more attention and priority because it has the highest score. Because of more complicated effects impose by local conditions, shallow and one-dimensional determinations are not beneficial for solving multi-dimensional and complicated problems any more. Managers should facilitate themselves with efficient tools to overcome this environment an face the problems. Systematic or holistic approach can help managers and planners greatly to understand and solve the problems better. That is why SWOT technique with such approach is used in this study and respective strategies are presented; but SWOT is not able to rank the strategies; so different prioritizing methods should be used to achieve this goal. Artificial neural network (ANN) method is one of the most important methods for prioritizing which has been used in the world. Because lateral relations - in addition to longitudinal ones - are present – between SWOT's four factors, i.e. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats – in SWOT analysis, ANN is one of the best ways to prioritize SWOT strategies, and it makes possible to set relations between all levels of a model and to compare them toward each other. Investigations show that conservative strategies has gained overall score of 0.5431 and after them defensive strategy with overall score of 0.2842 was chosen as second strategy. Choosing conservative and defensive strategies in cultural tourism conditions of the villages of the city of Binaloud will show the best performance, and competitive and offensive strategies can be used after current situation has improved in the areas under study.

Rural women, as a half of the rural population, activities economic and social and have major role achieve sustainable development in rural areas. Rural women, farmers producing the next generation and the role of women as mothers are the main breeding, the first step require a high level of knowledge and awareness that rural women have benefited Various studies suggest that the education of girls and rural women in the villages have a lower level than men, On the other hand, if women are literate, compared to the more sensitive issues and on health status, health, economic families and their children more effort and trying to update their own information and knowledge. The main objective of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the education of rural girls is Sonqor & kolyaei County. To determine what factors from the perspective of rural parents on the education of rural girls are affected.Research The method of this research paradigm in terms of quantity and in terms of access to the facts and data processing methods, the research is descriptive and correlational. The population of the study consisted of parents of girls in rural Sonqor & kolyaei County (N =. 2269). Sonqor & kolyaei County according to the governor of Kermanshah in 1390, has 2 part Markaze & Koliaie that part Markaze of the village's contains 5 villages namely, Ab barek, Bavlh, SArab, Gaverod and Parsyneh is and Koliaie part includes three villages, namely the Agahan, Satar & Kevananat. The part of Koliaie & Markaze the Songor,village of 221 that after preparing the list of villages in the rural randomly selected villages in each district and the number of parents in the education of female children in rural breakdown was given choice. Then, in proportion to their size in each rural, to the parents randomly selected and the sample study found. The sample size is Simple random sampling equal 360 households was estimated. Total collective data four-part questionnaire developed by the researchers was that the first part of the profile of respondents, the second part of the questionnaire parental attitudes towards girl's education and examination of the barriers to higher education for rural girls, and the fourth part of the questionnaire is to examine ways to further education of rural girls. In order to ensure the validity appearance and content of the questionnaire, the views of faculty were secret and reform was necessary. In order to estimate the reliability questionnaire the Cronbach's alpha was used. The coefficient in principle, determine the level of reliability, for the attitude of parents towards the education of rural girls of the barriers to higher education for rural girls to 0/83 and 0/85 and finally for solutions education of rural girls 0/80 were determined. Results Descriptive statistics showed that more fathers elementary school fifth than mothers were illiterate. The results Average component asked suggest that most parents costs school girls were high, also most parents said that more boys than girls education is important, In this context, the third component was that from the perspective of her husband's parents because the girl should not have to study the costs. In this context, the attitude of most rural parents to educate their girls to negative (40/4percent). Rural parents stated that lack school in the village the biggest obstacle is of education for girls, it was also found that early marriage of girls as a priority component of the mixed boys and girls in second and third place obstacles daughters were educated. From the perspective of rural parents were the most important strategies that reduce the cost of education for rural girls are given, It was also found that the material items in accordance with the needs of the rural community were the second priority, in this component of the curriculum to suit local conditions and the local area is the third priority. The results also showed that there are features like high school girls & tips school girls in rural areas continue for girls and rural girls, respectively, at 5 and 1%, there is a significant difference. Finally, the level of parent's education and their attitude towards the education of rural girls and a positive significant relationship exists.: many rural parent's negative attitude towards girl's education that perhaps part of the problem is related to their culture than their daughters to school. These results and the results of Moshiri et al. (1388) and Horton (1384) are consistent. Negative attitude of parents of rural households and complex factors such as economic weakness comes of rural schools. Most parents agree on the fact that girls continue to be successful in their future benefit. This means that their parents are aware of this study is useful for the future of their daughters, but cultural biases and lack of school facilities including an obstacle in the way. The early marriage of girls from rural areas, agriculture and animal husbandry practices of factors prevent parents of daughters is studying. These results and the results of (Qiang etal, 2008), (Dreze & Kingdon, 2000), (Pal, 2004) and (Kingdon, 2000) is consistent.

Remittances have been broadly termed by the International Organization of Migration (IOM) as monetary transfers that a migrant makes to the country of origin. These are usually private transfers of money from migrants back to their home region in the country of origin; and also remittances may be considered as funds that are invested, deposited or donated by the migrants to their home country. In recent years, according to international reports, many developing countries have experienced significant growth in remittance monetary. Furthermore, a large amount of the total remitted are transferred through informal channels that are not reported in international statistics. Many research results, such as Lucas and Stark (1985), Agarwal and Horowitz (2002), de la Briere and colleagues (2002(, Amuedo and Pozo (2004), Smith Kelly and Solomon (2009), de Brauwand and colleagues (2013), indicate that migrants have different motivations in transfering money to their origin communities. Such different motivation factors have diverse impacts on home regions. The field observations and research findings of Motie Langeroudi and colleagues (2014) in rural area of Lamerd Township show that remittance have an effective role in dimensions of local development process. The aim of present research concentrates on understanding the different migrant motivations in remittances to Lamerd rural areas. Research methodology is qualitative, based on grounded theory framework. Based on theoretical and purposeful sampling 26 Semi-structured interviews with migrants were used in the process of data collection. The semi-structured interviews have continued until theoretical saturation phase. In the next stage audio-taped files converted to textual documents, and were used for analytical stage in data processing. The analyzing of the data was carried out in three phase, including: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The analysis units of three stages coding, consists concepts, categories and propositions. Finally, we identified core categories and then emerged the central theoretical phenomenon. The results of the three-phase of data coding, have revealed seven core categories. After exploring various aspects including causal conditions, phenomenon, context, Intervening conditions, strategies and implications of each core categories, the "remittance motive" have emerged as central theoretical phenomenon. The causal conditions of central theoretical phenomenon has its roots in diverse element such as sense of place, religious beliefs, philanthropic attitude, cultural aspirations, economic interests, individual benefits, and social prestige. The intervening conditions of central theoretical phenomenon included governmental and non-governmental organizations, agents and trustees of migrants (remittance transmitters), migrants’ education level and their thoughts and ideologies, continuation of financial flows. Strategies include the construction of health centers, educational and religious places, and financial support from the poor and patient people. The most important outcomes of central theoretical phenomenon include great number health centers, and educational and religious constructions and facilities in some of the settlements, in some cases ethnic and social separatism, low levels of investment in the manufacturing and economic sectors. Different types of moneys sent or invested by migrants are considered as one of developmental strategies for remittance-recipient communities. Lamerd township in southern Iran is recognized as areas where remittance investments by overseas migrants have significant importance in local development. The findings of this study, by use of a grounded theory methodology, indicate that remittance senders have diverse motives to send money or investment in the area. The understanding of such motivations factors can enhance the effectiveness of investments induced by migrant’s remittances in the studied area. In order to properly be able to respond the actual needs and priorities of local communities. Therefore, it is necessary to through careful identification and analysis of different motivations in sending money or investment to origins settlements it may be possible to guide the received funds into the right direction.

1. Various approaches of rural development has been developed and each of them have given consideration a different dimension of it. One of the new approaches of development, is a regional integrated network analysis. Researchers has used statistical models from 60 years based on network analysis. The purpose of this models is to test the quantitative of social relationships attributes between a specific network components and it’s agents (Rezvani, 2007: 48). In fact, it seems that network analysis method can be used as an appropriate way in making balance of relations between urban and rural areas. It also can be useful in order to make balanced and sustainable development of regions. Even though the urban and rural areas as the main component elements of the network have always been a certain relationship to each other, but industrialization can make dependence cities to villages to meet food, raw materials and human resources. The villages are greatly dependent to urban areas in order to meet their economic and social needs. This interdependence has been facilitated with access to new forms of transportation, and other means of mass communication (Fesharaki, 1994: 42). Therefore, this study aim to analyze and examine the challenges confronting rural development in different dimensions in Kirkuk province using the conventional scientific research methods and then offer solutions to fix the current problems. 2. Method of this research is survey one. The population of this study includes the villages located in Kirkuk province. This province consists of Kirkuk, Havije, Daghugh and Debs townships. This township is also consists of 16 districts which contain 894 villages.Total population of these villages include 79096 household and 383600 people. Totally, 27 village was selected as sample. The villages were selected based on the amount of population and distance from the township centre through cluster sampling method. The required information collected from documents and survey methods. In survey method household and organization questionnaire was used. Totally, 400 questionnaire distributed among sample villages. 3. In the process of study the most important question is identifying of the type of rural development pattern. In this purporst the primary interpretation has formed based on a hypothesis in which rural development system lacks integrated regional grid pattern and is based on non-organizational models. Villages were classified in three category of organic, half-organic and non-organic, after studying the situation of spatial streams in sample villages of Kirkuk provinces. So that, 7 villages categorized in organic, 8 in half-organic and 12 in non-organic from 27 sample villages. Study the effects of leading pattern in spatial streams of rural and urban relations showed that the lack of regional integrated network has been caused rural deprivation in the study area. In other words, the level of deprivation or enjoyment level of villages has a significant statistical relationship with interacts of households to cities. Therefore, it can be infer that the level of deprivation has a significant statistical relationship with household non-organic relations to cities. 4. Discussion and In this study which analyzed rural development system using regional integrated pattern in Kirkuk province, following two arguments raised: 1. Spatial distribution of studied villages is in a significant tendency towards the villages of villages with non-organic relationships. So that, more than 74 percent of the studied villages located in non-organic to half-organic category. So, it can be argued that the present system of rural development follows non-integrated pattern and is based on the non-organic models. 2. The lack of integrated pattern formation based on the organizational model has increased the level of deprivation in the studied villages and vice versa the development of interactions has reduced the levels of deprivation in the these villages. Therefore, it can be argued that the pattern of non-integrated and non-organizational model has caused deprivation in sample villages. In general, rural development with an emphasis on integrated regional network is a reaction to ability of access to a variety of services of social, cultural, infrastructural, economic and physical in the context of environment which can play an important role in economic and social development in local and regional arenas. In this concept the aim of rural development is to make grounds in order to reduce the development gap among different geographical areas through an integrated network pattern. Thus regional differences will decrease by increasing the enjoyment level.

Climate change is the most threatening and challenging phenomenon man has ever faced at present and in the future (Karzi et al., 2001). During 1979, the United Nations recognized that climate change is inevitable and that nations around the globe need to propose mitigation plans if they are to survive the impacts of climate change. Moreover, global and national conferences on climate change were organized in order to adapt to the devastating effects of climate change. These scientific gatherings aimed at reducing the greenhouse effects and to build resiliency among affected population. Arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran suffer from climate change impacts due to their sensitivity and higher vulnerability (Fisher et al., 1994). This in turn affects agricultural systems in vulnerable regions such as Iran. Kermanshah Province is located in western part of Iran. The province has faced severe drought due to climate change. Moreover, reduced precipitation as well as scattered showers during 1391 was the signs of climate change in the province. In addition, severe hail in 1389 brought significant damage to farmers across the province. Sarpolezahab is located on the west of Kermanshah province. This township has been vulnerable towards drought due to severe climate change impact. This township was selected for this study because studies showed that Sarpolezahab is the most vulnerable township across Kermanshah province (Sharafi, 1389). In addition, no studies as the researchers are aware have been conducted to determine predictive factors influencing the adaptive capacities of wheat farmers facing climate change in general and drought in particular. Knowledge of predictive factors affecting adaptive capacities of farmers can be used as risk management tool in climate change mitigation plans in the affected area. For example, development practitioners can use this information for climate change preparedness strategies as well as planning for Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA). The Climate Smart Agriculture seek to build resilient farmers during the adverse effect of climate change. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the factors influencing the adaptive capacities of wheat farmers towards climate change in Sarpolezahab township. This descriptive corelational survey study used wheat farmers as unit of analysis. The population comprised of 6402 wheat farmers across 5 villages. Namely: Ghaleshahin, Hoome, Beshive-patagh, Dashtezahab, Poshtang. Due to extensiveness of study area, stratified cluster sampling was used in this study. Kerjcie and Morgan table of sample size (1970) was used to estimate the number of wheat farmers required for this study. From all five clusters of villages, three villages were selected: Ghaleshahin, Beshive-patagh, and Dashtezahab. A total of 370 wheat farmers participated in this study. A researcher made questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data through closed ended interview. A validity and reliability test was performed to enhance the trustworthiness of the research instrument. The content validity was performed by faculties in department of agricultural extension and rural development as well as Ph. D students and experts in the field of climate change. The research instrument was reviewed and appropriate adjustments were made as recommended by panel of experts mentioned above. The reliability test was performed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. A coefficient of 0.88 was estimated indicating that the research instrument is reliable. Collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as correlational, mean comparison, and linear regression. Results revealed that drought is the primary cause of climate change impact in Sarpolezahab region. After drought, dust and severe wind were the main impacts of climate change. Moreover, the majority of farmers (90%) believed that during the past twenty years they have experienced a severe increase in temperature. Interestingly, farmers also believed that during the past twenty years, precipitation has decreased in the region. The result of inferential statistics showed that factors such as educational level, skills, membership in social institutions, experience, participation in extension classes, using weather forecast, wheat production, using mechanized agriculture, income, and credit predicted adaptive capacities of wheat farmers faced with climate change. The result of this study has theoretical and practical implications for rural development practitioners in Kermanshah province in general and Sarpolezahab township in particular. For example, climate change practitioners can use the predictors of adaptive capacities to plan for mitigation programs. Mitigation strategies would aid practitioners to select risk management approach rather than crisis management. Risk management strategies are the most effective approach when dealing with adverse effect of climate change. Understanding factors influencing adaptive capacities can help build up resiliency among wheat farmers. Moreover, resilient farmers in turn develop climate smart agriculture in the region.

One of the common ways to prioritize the options which has become increasingly developed in recent years, is using multi-criteria decision-making methods. In multi-criteria decision-making issues, the targeted options are prioritized with regard various indicators that may sometimes conflict with each other (Poortahery, 1393: 20). These methods provide simple and intuitive tools for decision-making about issues that involve non-conclusive, and mostly subjective data. In fact, these methods have developed since the early 1970s which today has become quite prevalent (Jin & lei, 2005,61-64). The reason can be seen in the fact that such techniques are easily understandable for different users. Moreover, unlike mathematical models of planning and decision-making that do not include qualitative variables in the modeling, these techniques have the ability to include both qualitative and quantitative variables simultaneously in the decision-making process which in turn expands the scope of application of these techniques (Ataei, 1385:87). The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. Documentary method has also been used for collecting the data in the study. The population of the study includes the districts of Kamyaran County in Kurdistan Province. On this basis, the theoretical principles related to the subject matter have been investigated using the secondary research method. In order for investigation and comparison of methods of assessing the level of availing, four methods of TOPSIS, taxonomy, simple analytic hierarchy process, and weighted sum model have been utilized. These methods have also been used to determine the degree of availing of the districts of Kamyaran County. To assess availing level of the districts of Kamyaran County, 16 indicators have been used.Research To determine the level of availing of the districts of Kamyaran County, after doing the three aforementioned stages, the findings that resulted from these stages were analyzed using multi-criteria methods which were mentioned earlier. The findings resulted from the above methods are as follows:Table 1: Results of application of TOPSIS modelGavrood Avalan Sorsor Amirabad Shahou Chavrood Bilvar District0/475 0/262 0/311 0/382 0/377 0/702 0/443 Coefficient of expansion 2 7 6 4 5 1 3 Rank Table 2: Results of application of WSM modelGavrood Avalan Sorsor Amirabad Shahou Chavrood Bilvar District126/79 41/34 53/79 84/54 79/56 207/97 116/61 Coefficient of expansion 2 7 6 4 5 1 3 Rank Table 3: results of application of SAW modelGavrood Avalan Sorsor Amirabad Shahou Chavrood Bilvar District0/2163 0/0671 0/0848 0/0776 0/1331 0/2950 0/1406 Coefficient of expansion 2 7 5 6 4 1 3 RankThe results of applying multi-criteria methods in this study showed that regarding the ranking, the districts of Kamyaran County do not have fixed and similar positions.Prioritization Strategy In using different methods of prioritization, decision-maker may be confronted with a situation that in a real issue, a united ranking is not reached from application of various methods regarding alternatives. In that case, it is necessary for the decision-makers to use integrated approaches, such as mean of ranks, or Breda and Cap Land Methods for final decision making. In this study, mean of ranks method has been used for the final rating. Final rankings of the districts under study can be calculated using the mean of ranks method. Mean of ranks can be calculated from the sum of rankings and dividing them by the number of used methods (Poortahery, 1393,182).Table 5: Calculation of mean rank of multi-criteria methods under studyDistricts TOPSIS SAW WSM Mean RankGavrood 1 1 1 1Ghavrood 2 2 2 2Bilvar 3 3 3 3Amir Abad 4 6 4 4/66Shahou 5 4 5 4/66Sorsor 6 5 6 5/66Avalan 7 7 7 7Reference: author's calculations The results of applying four multi-criteria decision-making methods in this study indicated that the positions of the districts of Kamyaran County are not the same with regard to the availing; for example, the district of Amirabad in taxonomy and weighted sum models had the first rank whereas in TOPSIS and SAW models had the second rank. The results of this study have shown that the position of each of the districts studied by multi-criteria methods of Numerical Taxonomy, TOPSIS, WSM, and SAW, is not the same. Moreover, in the above mentioned methods, TOPSIS and simple WSM methods with 14/28 had the lowest percentage of changes and SAW method with 28/56 had the highest percentage of change among the methods under study. Regarding the level of availing, districts of Amirabad, Gavrood, Bilvar and Zhavrood are in the praprofiting level, district of AmirAbad and Shahou is in the mesoprfiting level, and the districts of Avalan and Sorsor are in unprofitinglevel.