نشریه علوم دامی (پژوهش و سازندگی)
پیاپی 108 (پاییز 1394)

In order to study the effect of Satureja hortensis essence on productive performance and intestinal microflora of broilers, an experiment was performed with 192 day-old chicks. At 6 d, birds were split into 16 groups (12 chicks) included 4 group for each treatment. The amount of Zero (control), 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 150 ppm of Satureja hortensis essence were added to drinking water from 6 to 42 d. At 18, 28 and 38 d, a bird of each group were slaughtered and their ileosecalcontents were picked. CFU/g of Coliforms, E. coli and lactobacillus of samples were determined. Results indicated that control had the highest feed intakes (122.13), the lowest daily weight gain (60.36) and the highest feed conversion ratio (2.02; P<0.05). At 18, 28, and 38 d. the highest CFU/g of E.coli (6.36, 7.13 and 7.18, respectively) and the highest CFU/g of Coliforms (6.87, 7.37 and 7.44, respectively) were archived by control (P<0.05). CFU/g of lactobacillus was not affected by Satureja hortensis essence(P<0.05). The highest and lowest carcass ratio were obtained by Es150 and Es0, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion, theaddition of Satureja hortensis essence to drinking water of broiler is improved productive performance and decreased E.coli and Coliforms in gut.

This experiment was conducted for determining of the effect of physical sizes and levels of clinoptilolite on liver histology, protein and energy efficiency ratio, carcass traits and blood enzymes activityof broilers fed rations contaminated with aflatoxin.Clinoptilolite were used in two levels (1.5 and 3%) and three physical sizes (<0.25 mm, 0.4 -0.8 mm and 1-2 mm). On the basis of the results, Broilers fed by non-contaminated diets with aflatoxin had the highest protein and energy efficiency ratio and the lowest protein and energy efficiency ratio were found in broilers fed by contaminated diets with aflatoxin(P<0.05). Also, using of 3% clinoptilolite with particle size of 1- 2 mm in contaminated diet improved protein and energy efficiency ratio than the aflatoxin contaminated diet and without additive (P<0.05). The highest and the lowest liver percentage were obtained in broilers fed by contaminated diet with aflatoxin and non-contaminated diets with aflatoxin respectively (P<0.05). The highest and the lowest amount of blood aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were found in broilers fed by contaminated diet with aflatoxin and non-contaminated diets with aflatoxin respectively. Using of 3% clinoptilolite with particle size of 1- 2 mm decreased the level of blood aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase in broilers fed by contaminated diet with aflatoxin (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the supplementation of diet contaminated with aflatoxin with clinoptilolite had positive effects on protein and energy efficiency ratio and blood parameters in broilers.

The objective of the current study was to determine the live body weight regression equation using four traits including bodylength, heart circumference, height of withers and abdominal circumference in 150 camels of Yazdi breed. It was tried to describe the adequate details about an appropriate method for fixing or decreasing the problems of collinearity instability and correlation between independent variables related to live body weight of Yazdi camel ecotype. The results of this study showed that the problem of multicollinearity within the data was associated to body weight of Yazdi camel breed and related independent variables could be fixed by the principal components analysis. Among the independent variables, body height and abdominal circumference had the highest and lowest coefficient in estimating the body weight of Yazdi camel, respectively. It suggested that the principal components analysis be used when there is the problem of collinearity in multivariable linearly regression analysis because of more precise estimation than least squares method. Also this method can help to the breeders to select the best animals by predicting the precise value of some important traits and selecting the best independent variables for predicting the traits

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of sugar beet molasses on egg production, egg traits and blood metabolites of laying hens. In this experiment 192 Hy- line W36 laying hens were used from 32-43 weeks of age in 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 hens in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups included: 1) control group, 2) 4% of sugar beet molasses, 3) 6% of sugar beet molasses, 4) 8% of sugar beet molasses. The results showed that using sugar beet molasses has significant effects on performance, egg quality and blood biochemical parameters and blood cells of laying hens (P<0.05). The highest amounts of egg weight and egg mass, the highest egg production percentage, the best feed conversion, and the lowest price of feed intake for production per kilogram of egg were resulted with 6% of sugar beet molasses. Using 8% of sugar beet molasses caused the performance significantly decreased. Using 4% of sugar beet molasses improved the eggshell percentage and Haugh unit. The lowest values of blood cholesterol were obtained with 4% of sugar beet molasses. The overall results showed that using sugar beet molasses in comparison with control group using sugar beet molasses has beneficial effects in laying hens. So that laying hens had the best performance and blood cells with 6% of sugar beet molasses, whereas the best egg traits and blood triglyceride and cholesterol were obtained with 4% of sugar beet molasses.that the problem of multicollinearity within the data was associated to body weight of Yazdi camel breed and related independent variables could be fixed by the principal components analysis. Among the independent variables, body height and abdominal circumference had the highest and lowest coefficient in estimating the body weight of Yazdi camel, respectively. It suggested that the principal components analysis be used when there is the problem of collinearity in multivariable linearly regression analysis because of more precise estimation than least squares method. Also this method can help to the breeders to select the best animals by predicting the precise value of some important traits and selecting the best independent variables for predicting the traits.

In this research to estimate of genetic parameters and inbreeding effect for birth weight (BW) and lamb survival(LS) in Balouchi lambs, we used of 12040 records, which collected by the center of Sheep Breeding Station of (Abbasabad), during the period 1989 to 2009. Genetic parameters estimated with use of 16 difference model, inclusive animal, and threshold and sire model with use of REML method. The most appropriate model was determinate based on log likelihood method. The suitable model for BW included direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, maternal permanent environmental and common litter effects. Also, suitable model for LS were included direct additive genetic and common litter effects. Direct heritability for BW was 0.05±0.01, and direct heritability for LS with animal, threshold model and sire model was 0.07±0.01, 0.16±0.08 and 0.31±0.1 respectively. It also genetic, environment and phenotypeic correlation between BW and LS was 0.12±0.01, 0.12±0.2 and 0.10±0.01 respectively, (p<0.05). The mean of inbreeding coefficients in population and inbreed animals were 0.60 and 31.2%, respectively. The estimates of inbreeding depression were -2.62 gr for BW and -0.08 percent for LS, respectively (p<0.05)..

The current experiment carried out to investigate the effect of fish oil and selenium supplementation in the ration on performanceand blood parameters in lambs. Sixteen male Lori Bakhtiyari lambs with the same mean weight (39.6±0.290)were randomly allotted to 4 treatments in completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were included of: 1) control (basal diet without any additives); 2) FO (basal diet +2% fish oil; 3) FO + Se (basal diet + 2% fish oil +0.2 mg/kg selenium; 4) Se (0.2 mg/kg selenium). In order to evaluate the blood metabolites, samples were taken on day 60 of the experiment to measure the serum triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), density lipoprotein (LDL) and glutation peroxidase (GPX). Results indicated FO + Se had no significant influence on performance (p>0/05). Moreover, this treatment led to decreased serum TG, CHOL, LDL and increased GPX and HDL‎‎(P<0.05). Therefore results show that however performance was not affected by dietary treatments, selenium as well as fish oil compared to the control group significantly affected blood parameters.

De-oiled Savory (DOS) is a byproduct of savory (Satureja khuzestanica) that contains essential oils mainly tymol and carvacrol (about 600 mg.kg-1). In the present experiment, the effects of DOS on blood lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerids (TG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in fattening Farahani lambs was investigated. In a completely randomized design, thirty lambs (33.6±1.4 kg) were individually fed with total mixed rations (80% concentrate and 20% forage) in which forage part of diet were consisted of 0 (control), 25 (25DOS), 50 (50DOS), 75 (75DOS), 100 (100DOS) % dried de-oiled Savory. Daily feed intakes, weekly weight gain and overall feed conversion ratio were determined. At the end of fattening period, blood samples were taken at two hours before and two hours after morning feeding time and analyzed for very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), cholesterol, TG and NEFA. Results showed that 50DOS significantly increased VLDL in comparison with control VLDL (P<0.05). LDL and HDL were not affected by DOS. Blood TG concentration in 50DOS was significantly higher than that in control and other DOS treats (P<0.05). Lambs in DOS treats and control had similar cholesterol and NEFA. In conclusion, using dried de-oiled savory increased VLDL and TG concentration presumably increasing TG intestinal absorption in fattening Farahani lambs.

The purpose of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between production, Body weight at birth (BWT), Weaning weight (WWT), 6 month weight (BWT6M) and yearling weight (BWT12M) and ewe reproduction traits including total number of lamb’s born (NLB/EL) and weaned (NLW/EL) and total weight of lambs born (TLBW/EJ) and weaned per ewes joined (TLWW/EJ) of Shal sheep born from 1998 to 2009 at Agricultural Jahad Organization. Data were related to 6221 lambs descending from 180 rams and 4060 ewes. Bivariate analysis for estimate the genetic covariance was conducted. Direct additive genetic correlations between body weights at different ages, were positive and moderate to high (ranged from 0.56 to 0.88) and phenotypic correlation between these traits were estimated positive, but with lower than respected genetic correlations. Direct additive genetic correlations between body weight at different ages and TLWW­/EJ were positive and high (ranged from 0.76 to 0.91) and phenotypic correlations between them were positive however they were less than genetic correlations. Direct additive genetic correlations between body weight at different ages with NLB/EL and NLW/EL were positive and moderate to high (ranged from 0.44 to 0.89) and phenotypic correlations between them were also positive but lower. The results of this study indicated that direct selection for body weight at early stage of life, can improve ewe composite reproduction traits.

An experiment with 240 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to investigate the Effects of L-Arginine Supplementations on liver & plasma Antioxidant Status, Mortality and Performance in broiler with cold-induced Ascites.Broilers were divided in 3 treatments (with 4 replicate and 20 chicks for a replicate). All of broilers reared under a cold environmental temperature to induce Ascites. Experimental treatments were included 1: was fed a commercial corn-soybean meal based diet meeting including 1.3% L-Arginine (Control), 2: % 0.15 L-Arginine in water + Control 3: % 0.3 L-Arginine in water + Control. At d 14, temperature was reduced to amplify the incidence of Pulmonary Hypertension. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly from week 3.Glutathione peroxides’ (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD (, total antioxidant status (TAS) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content of both plasma and liver were determined at days 21 and 42. At 42 days of age, 2 chicks from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered and then ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle weight calculated. Performance results showed % 0.3 L-Arginine treatments had the highest body weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio in total period. Moreover, MDA in plasma was significantly decreased and plasma GPX activity increased % 0.3 L-Arginine compared with other groups, but no significant changes were observed on SOD activity and TAS. The SOD & GPX activity and MDA levels in liver tissue were not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.05). It is also, ratio of right ventricle weight to total ventricle and mortality due to Ascites, were significantly lower in % 0.3 L-Arginine group. In conclusion, % 0.3 L-Arginine supplementation in drinking water via antioxidant status improving, can improve the performance and mortality due to ascites in broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of in ovo injection of Nano silver, Thyme and Savory extracts to broiler breeder’s eggs and their effect on immunologic parameters. A total of 495 fertilized eggs were used in the pre-Experiment with 11 treatments by both 3 replications and 15 eggs in each. Treatments including: two controls (1- with injection and 2- without injection), treatment 3-11 injected with: 30, 45 and 60 ppm of Nano silver, 100, 150, 175 ppm of Thyme and Savory extracts. The eggs injected at 17th day of incubation. Result indicated that IgA and IgM were affected by treatment so that the IgA levels were significantly higher in all of the treatment rather than the control and the IgM levels were significant higher in 175 ppm thyme extract in comparison to 60 ppm Nano silver. Also in 14 and 21 days, response of the skin to Di-nitrocholorobanzen (DNCB), bursa and spleen of weights were not significant. The results showed that IgM and IgA, had better response to injection of Thyme and Savory extracts than Nano silver.

Oxidative damage due to production of reactive oxygen species during the freezing-thawing process is one of the main causes for the decline in fertility of sperm. The use of antioxidants to eliminate free radicals from the sperm diluents appears to be essential for sperm. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of different levels of Macrantha Satureja extracts on quality of post thawed sperm. Semen samples were collected from three Holstein bulls and diluted with a citrate-egg yolks diluents - with different levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 ml/dl) of Macrantha Satureja extraction. After packing, cooling and freezing steps, straws stored in the liquid nitrogen tank. After freeze-thawing, the sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity parameters and lipid peroxidation, were evaluated using Computer Assisted Semen Analysis, eosin-nigrosin staining, hypo-osmotic swelling test and malondialdehyde production respectively. The results showed that the extender supplemented with 4 ml/dl Macrantha Satureja extract have the best protective effect on freeze-thawed Holstein bull sperm and significantly improved all microscopic parameters. Inclusion of 4 ml/dl of extract, decreased the serum malondialdehyde compared to the other groups, however, this decrease was not statistically significant compared to control group. The result of this study confirms the positive effects of low doses of Macrantha Satureja extract on microscopic parameters of frozen-thawed bull sperm.

Objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of consumption of two percent of dry matter fish oil as a source of n-3 fatty acids in comparison with two percent of palm oil on the metabolic status and yield of ten multiparous Holstein dairy cows from 45 days before up to 60 days after parturition. Feeding this amount of fish oil did not induce any significant effects on the dry matter intake, milk production and milk composition, but decreased milk fat yield and percent (P<0.05)and somatic cell score (P<0.01). Among blood metabolites, only cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase were significantly changed by fish oil consumption (P<0.05). Totally, with consuming fish oil, animal metabolic conditions improved to challenge negative energy balance and hypocalcemia around calving time. Results of this study indicate that consumption of two percent of fish oil in the dry period and early lactation could alleviate undesirable effects of negative energy balance, and improve common metabolic condition in early lactating dairy cows.

A study with 56 male lambs of Lori-Bakhtiari sheep breed was carried out to investigate the effect of selection to decrease fat on the fatty acids composition in the subcutaneous fat and fat-tail adipose tissue. Subcutaneous fat and fat-tail fat samples were obtained from the back of left side of carcass and fat-tail, respectively. Total 112 samples of subcutaneous fat and fat-tail adipose tissue were obtained from 56 carcasses at six month of age. The fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat and fat-tail were analyzed after fat extraction by gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical program. Proportion of palmitic (C16:0) in fat tissue significantly (P<0.05) decreased and linoleic (C18:2) significantly increased at the end of the selection program.While body weight lambs was higher at the end of the selection program, unsaturated fatty acids was higher in carcass fat. Ratios of poly unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids were significantly higher incarcass fat at the end of the selection. Desirable fatty acids and ratio of (C18:0+C18:1)/C16:0 did not significant increase at constant weight. Proportion of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0)and total saturated fatty acids were significantly higher in subcutaneous fat but oleic fatty acid (C18:1)was significantly higher in fat-tail. Ratios of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids, desirable fatty acids and ratio of (C18:0+C18:1)/C16:0 were significantly (P<0.05) higher in fat-tail than subcutaneous fat at constant weight. Inconcluded, selection for decreased carcass fat cause improve fatty acid composition of fat tissue.

Seminal plasma is a fluid with different compositions, which some of its biochemical components regulates the sperm function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the semen quality, some of the metabolites and enzymes of seminal plasma and blood serum between breeding and non-breeding season in Moghani rams. For this purpose, 8 healthy Moghani rams with 2-3 years old were used. Blood and semen samples were collected every 2 weeks in natural breeding and non-breeding seasons. Simultaneously with semen collection, scrotal circumference and testicular length as well as its volume were determined. Immediately after ejaculation, quantitative and qualitative parameters of semen and spermatozoa were evaluated, then seminal plasma was removed. Testicular volume and length, scrotal circumference, progressive spermatozoa motility, sperm concentration, live and normal spermatozoa in breeding season was significantly higher than non-breeding season (P<0.05). The seminal plasma values of triglyceride, total protein and globulin, as well as blood serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin and AST were higher during breeding season compare to other seasons (P<0.05). Glucose, cholesterol, ALT, AST and ALP contents of seminal plasma and ALP concentration of blood serum were lower during the breeding season compare non-breeding seasons (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed between seasons, in the values of seminal plasma albumin and ALT in blood serum. In both seasons, there were significant differences in most metabolites and enzymes between blood serum and seminal plasma (P<0.05). Generally, testicular size, semen quality and concentrations of enzymes and metabolites in seminal plasma and blood serum have significantly differences between breeding and non-breeding seasons in Moghani ram.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of molasses distiller condenses soluble as dietary energy and protein feedstuff on average daily gain (ADG), feed convention rate and blood biological metabolite of Holstein calves. Molasses distiller condenses soluble (MDCS) is a by-product from Alcohol fuels production. This by product is a contaminated matter to environment. It is reasonable to take advantage of the large amounts of MDCS being produced. The MDCS have a substantial value as animal feedstuff by raising the PH and removing its water. This pH adjustment can be achieved by adding sodium hydroxide or ammonia. Total 18 male Holstein calves (118±1. 4 kg) were used in 83 days experiment at Misagh dairy farm in Hamadan province. A completely randomized design was performed with 3 treatments (6 calves in each group). The treatments were 0; 9; 18; percent of MDCS per Kg/DM of total mixed ration replaced with cereal and soy meal. The diets were balanced by using NRC (2001), with regard to animal requirements maintenance and daily gain (1200 g/day). Approximately 10 ml blood was taken from calves by jugular vein-puncture on day 45 and 83 of experiment. Blood samples were centrifuged and aliquot in different fractions and the serum samples analyzed for glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol and liver’s enzymes. The results indicated that dry matter intake, live weight gains, feed efficiency and ADG were not significantly different between treatment groups (P>0. 05). The results indicated there were no significant differences in serum metabolites and liverٴs enzymes of calves. The total protean was significantly higher in treated animal at day 45 but not at day 83 when compared with control. It can be concluded that MDCS could be safely used up to %18 as a part of ration in fattening calves without any negative effect on blood biological metabolite and performance.

The objective of this study was to investigate theeffect of supplemental vanadium (V) as vanadyl sulfate on milk yield, performance responses, nutrients total tract digestibility, follicular dynamics and some blood metabolites in late gestation and earlylactation of dairy cows. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein dairycows according to the expected calving date were randomly assigned to one of thefour groups. Treatments were supplementation of 0, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12 mg of V as vanadyl sulfate/kg of BW0.75. Cows ovarian were synchronized on d 28-30 with Targeted Breeding. Vanadium supplement increased milk yield (P = 0.05). Vanadium supplementation could not affect dry matter intake, body weight, nutrients total tract digestibilities and BCS both before and after calving. Serum progesterone concentration decreased by increasing V supplementation (P = 0.001). Serum insulin and glucose concentrations for cows receiving 0.04, 0.08 mg of V as vanadyl sulfate/kg of BW0.75 were higher than those receiving 0.12 mg of V as vanadyl sulfate/kg of BW0.75 and control group (P = 0.01). The number of small and large follicles for cows receiving 0.04, 0.08 mg of V as vanadyl sulfate/kg of BW0.75 were higher than those receiving 0.12 mg of V as vanadyl sulfate/kg of BW0.75 and control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.05 respectively). The numbers of total follicles were higher for cows receiving 0.04 mg of V as vanadyl sulfate/kg of BW0.75 than the others (P = 0.03). Overall, we concluded that vanadium could improve production, blood metabolites, and developmental dynamics of follicles in dairy cows.

This study was designed to survey lactoferin effect (LF) on strength, tissue characteristics of tibia and performance in laying hens. A total of 1080 layer -breeder fertile eggs were divided into four treatments with 3 replicates, each treatment comprising 90 eggs; control treatment was injected with 100 μL of normal saline per egg; 2, 3 and 4 treatments including 22.5 (low), 45 (medium), and 67.5 (high) μg of LF in 100 μL of normal saline per egg respectively. Eggs were incubated, then healthy chicks were reared to 28 wk of age. In this study, tibia weight, at hatch, was numerically better in eggs injected with LF than the control (p>0.05). Further strength in the bones of LF treatments, is merely reflection of difference in the tibia cortical thickness and is not related to bone atrophy in the intra diameter of haversian canals. Egg weights from hens treated with high concentration of LF were also significantly greater than the control (p<0.05). The results of the present study show that tibia cortical thickness could be a suitable variable for evaluating bone status. The present study also shows that there is a middle correlation (r =0.49, p<0.01) between the tibia cortical thickness and the bone strength.

To study the effects of different levels of surplus Jujube fruit (SJF) on growth performance parameters, carcass yield and some biochemical parameters, 320 Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into 8 treatments with 4 replicates and ten chicks each. The experimental design was completely randomized design based on 2×4 factorial trial using four levels of jujube (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 %) and two enzyme levels (0, 0.2 %). The birds were fed dietary treatments from 10 to 42 d in growth (11- 24days) and finisher periods (25-42 days). Body weight and feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at the end of grower and finisher period. Data analysis indicates that main effects of jujube were significantly lower in birds fed 25 g/kg diet SJF as compared to control. Feed intake, body weight, body weight gain and FCR did not affect the interactions between SJF and enzyme at 24 days and 42 days (P>0.05). The birds fed 50 g/kg SJF had lower relative weight of pancreases and heart as compared to birds fed 25 g/kg SJF. The relative weight of liver and heart were affected by the interaction between Enzyme and SJF levels (P>0.05).The birds fed SJF had lower abdominal fat. The concentration of serum total cholesterol was decreased with increasing the levels of SJF. The concentration of triglycerides, HDL and LDL were not affectd by the levels of SJF or enzyme.The main effects of SJF at level of 50 g/kg were significantly reduced the activity of AST and ALT (liver enzymes) as compared to control diet. The 50g/kg of SJF were showed lower concentration of calcium as compared to 25 g/kg of jujube (P<0/05).Supplementation of enzyme to SJF based had not significant effects on performance or blood parameters. It is concluded that inclusion of SJF to broiler diets may be improve the percentage of abdominal fat, blood cholesterol without any side affect on performance parameters. The SJF may be increased the activity of liver enzyme in broilers.

In this study production, reproduction, management and economic parameters resulted from recording of 6 flocks with 1500 head of breeding ewes during annual cycle of production (August 2011 to August 2012) in extensive system were used to determine of the breeding objective and relative economic values of survival, production and reproduction traits for Zel breed of sheep. For deriving economic weights, change in profit by one percent increase in mean of a trait, while all other traits were fixed at their means, were calculated and then divided by amount increased in that trait. With analysis of cost and revenue for each of breeding ewe, the highest level of revenue and cost were for live weight and nutrition, respectively. The breeding goals of Zel sheep consist of relative economic values 15.47 for conception rate, 10.58 ewe survival, 10.79 for lamb survival from birth to 6 month, 8.04 for lambing frequency, 8.83 for litter size, -12.89 for weight of ewe, -4.32 for replacement weight, 6.11 for weight of wool, 1.68 for weight of milk and 21.25 for 6 month live lamb weight. The results showed that survival and reproduction traits are important for Zel sheep as well as body weight traits. So, precious registration of the data and implementation of these traits in breeding schemes of this breed is strongly recommended.