فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 26 (پاییز 1394)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of endurance training (ET) on? -1A protein of pre-synaptic P-Q-type Calcium Channels in FHL and Soleus muscles of rats. 16 male wistar rats provided from razi institute, were randomly divided to 2 groups (Control-Sham; n=8 and Endurance Training; n= 8). Training group performed 8 weeks (5 session/week) of endurance training on animal treadmill with 10 m/min for 30 min in the first week which was gradually increased to 30 m/min for 60 min(equal to 70-80% of Vo2max) in the last week. 48 h after last session of training, FHL and Sol muscles were removed under sterilized situation by cutting on posterio-lateral side of hind limb. Measuring? -1A protein with Western Blotting and independent t test showed that the amount of this protein insignificantly (P=0.177) increased in soleus muscles of ET group (soleus: 14.82±87.44 vs. Control: 20.20±72.57 (equal to 0/20 percent) and FHL: 7.26±70.83 vs. Control: 6.28±70.01- p=0/839). This insignificant increase in? -1A protein in soleus muscles, may indicate to the responsiveness of pre-synaptic P-Q-type calcium channels of muscles following endurance training for improving Ach release from pre-synaptic terminal, noted in NMJ adaptations. In conclusion, it might be expressed that endurance training could be a main factor for the function of? -1A protein in muscles and this case should be studied in future investigations with higher volume and intensities.

Back grand: Early obesity and its transfer to the adult, increases likelihood incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). ATP-binding cassette transporter) ABCA1) as a member of the ABC transporters family plays a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport and CAD prevention. The purpose of this study was to investigate ABCA1 expression in lymphocytes, plasma apolipoprotein A-I and lipid profiles in response to eight weeks interval aerobic endurance exercise as rope training. Thirty students (17.3±1.1yr, 85.73± 11.68 kg and 28.41± 2.36 kg / m²) volunteered and randomly were assigned into training (n = 15) and control (n =15) groups. Exercise protocol was endurance rope training (8 wk, 4 d/wk and 40 min/d). cell hemolysis and sensitive Elisa method was used for Lymphocyte ABAC1 protein expression.T-student test was employed and data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16). The independent-samples T-Test results were showed that after 8 weeks interval rope endurance training, the levels of lymphocyte ABCA1 expression(p=0/000) and VO2max(p=0/000) were significantly increased and plasma levels of TG(p=0.017), TC(p=0.001), LDL-c/HDL-c(0.026),TC/HDL-c(p=0.002) and measures of BF%(p=0/015)and BMI(p=0.042) as anthropometric indicators were decreased. Changes of other variables such increasing in Apo A-I, HDL-c, LDL-c and decreasing in body weight, were not significant. Significant level (p>0.05) was considered. The findings of this study proved that 8-week interval aerobic endurance exercise as rope training can be have positive effects on lymphocyte ABCA1 protein expression(as goalkeeper of reverse cholesterol process) and lipid profiles and ultimately in prevention of arteriosclerosis among overweight and obesity adolescents.

The purpose of study was the comparison of hormonal responses to resistance training with and without blood flow restriction. 14 girl students took part in a crossover design study. The subjects in 3 successive weeks randomly assigned in 3 states: control (Con), traditional strength training (TST) and strength training with blood flow restriction (STR). Exercise was included leg extension, leg press and leg hack 4 sets. Blood sample was taken before, immediately, and 0.5 hour after exercise. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The test significance level was taken as p

The purpose of this study was to determine the intensity influence of perform one set half squat on vertical jump performance and muscle electrical activity in adolescent athletes. The subjects were 12 adolescent boys athletes. The subjects performed one set of dynamic half-squat using low and high intensities (LI= low intensity with 40% 1RM, HI= high intensity with 80% 1RM), and a control (C) warm up condition on randomized separating conditions over the course of different 3 days. After a 4 minutes post-protocols, the subjects completed a vertical jump test (VJ). The electromyographic (EMG) activity of quadriceps (Qc) and hamstring (H) were recorded during the concentric phase of the jumps. A one way ANOVA with repeated measures on the one factor was used to analyze the data. The results of this study indicated that the vertical jump height and Qc EMG activity had improved significantly (p ≤ 0.05) after LI protocol compared to C. No significant differences were found among the repeated measures in H EMG activity (p > 0.05). It is concluded that the use of a specific warm-up that includes half-squats, performed with low intensity, improves VJ performance that seems to be associated with the neurological and intramuscular changes.

Retinol Binding Protein4 (RBP4) Such as adipocytokines that could be a marker for type 2 diabetes And seems to be leading to increased insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on serum RBP4 and insulin resistance in adult male rats. In the present experimental study 16 Wistar rats were randomly divided to one of the exercise group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The training group performed 8 weeks of aerobic training three times in week. Training protocol began intensity 30% vo2max and 10 minutes and In the last two weeks increased Intensity of training to 75% vo2max and time of training to 45-50 minutes. The data were analyzed via independent t-test and Pearson,s correlation coefficient at P≤0/05. analysis of the data showed that Serum RBP4 levels were significantly decreased after aerobic training (P≤0/05). Insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance showed a significant decrease after aerobic training (P≤0/05). However, Eight weeks of aerobic training were not a significant effect on cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL and only after eight weeks, there were significant reductions in LDL (P≤ 0/05). The relationship between RBP4 with lipid profile and insulin resistance Showed no significant correlation After eight weeks of aerobic training. From these results it can be concluded that aerobic training causes was significantly decreased in serum RBP4 in adults male rats and seems to be improve in insulin resistance Effective factor is Reduction in serum RBP4 levels in adult male rats.

The ability to optimize muscular power output is considered as a basis for successful performance in the most sports. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in dynamic exercise performance following a sequence of preconditioning isometric muscle actions. Twelve nonathlete, active female volunteers (age: 16±1 yr, height: 162±6.34 cm, weight: 60±9.21 kg) participated in the present study. After the familiarization period (2 weeks), participants underwent one repetition maximum (1 RM) testing for the back squat exercise. Then, subjects participated in two preconditioning protocols at interval of 1 week. First protocol was included 15 minutes warm-up (jogging, active stretch, 5 repetitions back squat with %50 1RM and 2 repetitions back squat with %75 1RM) for preconditioning. Second protocol was included 15 minutes warm-up (jogging, active stretch, 4 repetitions back squat with %50 1RM, 1 repetition back squat with %75 1RM and 1 repetition back squat with %90 1RM) for preconditioning. After each protocol, subjects performed vertical jump, bosco 5, 15, 30 and 60 seconds tests. Paired-samples t-test and independent samples t-test were used to identify any significant differences and statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. In all 5 tests, second protocol had better and significant (p< 0.01) results than first protocol. Percent changes were 19.05, 15.20, 14.58, 11.37 and 11.06 in vertical jump, bosco 5, 15, 30 and 60 seconds tests, respectively. possibly, in performing preconditioning protocols, the higher the intensity, the better the consequent dynamic performance and it seems that the effect of preconditioning protocols reduce over time.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of six weeks of volleyball specific training on the sand and hard surface (sport hall) on the resting levels and responses of lactate, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to acute exercise in volleyball players. For this purpose, 18 male volleyball players (Mean±SD; age, 23.7±3.7; weight, 75.3± 1.7) were randomly assigned to two groups of sand and sport hall. Both group performed a six-week volleyball specific training with maximum intensity. Before and after the training period all subjects in both groups performed an acute exercise session. Two Blood samples were taken before and immediately after the acute exercise and were analyzed for measuring lactate, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). To compare the effects of training on responses of biochemical parameters to acute exercise data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA and the resting blood parameters were analyzed using independent t-test. The results showed that, the training on the sand reduces responses of lactate accumulation during acute exercise significantly (P<0/05). However, the training on the sand neither changed the resting levels of all parameters nor the responses of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to acute exercise. Generally, based on the better effects of sand volleyball training on the lactate responses to acute exercise and that injuries on the sand are less than hard surfaces, it could be concluded that this training modality would results in better performance in volleyball players.

Risk of premature mortality and cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes are twice that of non-diabetics, but the role of inflammatory biomarkers such as resistin and CRP that used for prediction of these disease is unknown after exercise. So, the aim of the present study was to examine the proinflammatory role of resistin and CRP, after aerobic and resistance exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. 40 women with type 2 diabetes were selected as available and by purposive sampling and were randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups of aerobic training (n = 14), resistance training (n = 13) and control group (n = 13) groups. Aerobic group accomplished (12 weeks of aerobic training, 3 times a week, for 20-50 minutes at 50-70% of maximum heart rate), the resistance group received (resistance training 3 times a week in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 40-60% of a repetition maximum). The control group was sedentary during the same period. Blood samples to determine the levels of resistin, CRP, insulin, HbA1c and glucose in pre-and post-tests were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using, Dependent t test, one way Anova, Pearson correlation with spss software (version 21). According to statistical analysis of the results, Resistin and CRP increase and decrease, respectively, in both exercise training groups, anthropometric measurements(weight, BMI, %Body fat and Waist to hip ratio) only decreased in aerobic group, insulin resistance only decreased in resistance group and glycated hemoglobin and glucose decreased in both training groups (p≤0/05). Also there was a significant inverse correlation between resistin and CRP in post-test of resistance group (P≤0/05). Due to changes in resistin and CRP levels after exercise, it dose not seem that resistin causes insulin resistance and be a predictive factor for cardiovascular disease.

Type2 diabetic is a metabolic disease in which is associated with the relative or absolute insulin deficiency, elevated blood glucose and impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and protein. Since fat and exercise is important to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients, so the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interval training on a cycle ergometer on insulin resistance and lipid profiles in type 2 diabetic men taking metformin. 36 subjects with type 2 diabetes taking metformin (mean age, 46.08 ± 3.08 years, BMI 30.01 ± 2.32 kg/m2) were selected availability and divided randomly into 2 groups of 18 patients of the interval training group (8 weeks interval training, 3 days a week, 35 to 50 minutes a day,40-55% heart rate reserve) and control group. The fasting values of TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, insulin, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured before and after 8 weeks of exercise. The data were analyzed at the significance level of α ≥0.05 by Kolmogorov – Smirnov test, analysis of variance with repeated measures and single T-test. The results showed serum values of insulin, glucose, TG, TC, LDL-C, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin resistance significantly reduced in the interval training group(p≥0.05), but these changes were not significant in the control group(p≤0.05). Also the HDL-C values was associated with a non-significant increase in the experimental group(p≤0.05). So, according to the favorable changes of insulin resistance index, glycosylated hemoglobin and blood fats as a result of interval training on a cycle ergometer, it seems to this type of training could be introduced as a non-invasive and drug-free method for type2 diabetic individuals.

Strength training has an important role in the exercise programs of normal individuals and athletes and it also has numerous benefits on the health of human body and spirit. One of the types of these exercise is eccentric resistance exercise which is associated with negative physiological changes. Thus: this study examined the effects of a single bout of eccentric resistance exercise on the urinary markers of protein catabolism and muscle damage such as urea, creatinine and3-methylhistidine (3Mh). For this purpose, 24 healthy non-athletes male student volunteers (age; 20±1. 54, body mass index 22. 6±3. 8 and body fat percent 13. 41±4. 21) selected and were divided randomly into two groups experimental (n=12) and control (n=12) group. After determining the maximum power of the non-dominant hand, Experimental group performed a single bout of eccentric resistance exercise including 50 eccentric contractions as five sets of 10 eccentric contractions with a one minute rest interval between sets, at ٪85 of 1-RM with non- dominant hand. Urinary of samples to assess urea, creatinine and 3-methylhistidine were taken before exercise until 14 hour after intervention. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test at p Results showed significant increase in urinary urea, creatinine and 3-methylhistidine after an eccentric resistance exercise in experimental group compared to control group. It is concluded that a single bout of eccentric resistance exercise results in an activation of the muscular protein catabolism, and muscle damage due to increase in degradation of myofibrillar contractile protein.