نشریه پژوهش های جامعه شناسی معاصر
سال سوم شماره 5 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

Since old times opportunism has especially been emphasized by many social thinkers. In a careful study opportunism as a multi – casual, multi - faceted and multi –implication phenomenon is related to social abnormalities probably destroying ethical system of the society. A deep look at the literature of the subject shows that some researchers are going to explicate opportunism socially while some others are going to explicate it with some determinants like individual choices. There is a hypothesis that such choices are not merely taken in the social, political and cultural vacuum and all kinds of field determinants such as age, sex, marital state, social class as well as employment and some variables such as social, economic, political and cultural variables have an effect on them. In this research a surveyed study of opportunism and its determinants among people having more than 20 years and living in Isfahan is done (n=384). Studies show that the more piety, social cohesion and capital in the society the less opportunism in the society. On the other hand the more anomy and individualism is in the society, the more opportunism is in the society. Moreover, according to the results of research it is alleged that opportunism is different based on the age of people while sex and marital status have no effect on the people’s tendency towards opportunistic behaviors. Social class, social capital, piety, individualism and social cohesion have a significant relationship with opportunism.

This paper aimed at creating a sufficient theoretical framework and its experimental test for obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions of balance between economic development and equality of higher education. To that end, with extracting causal-conjectural paths, it was tried to specify the ways and factors affecting the balance in divers levels. With regard to approach, this study adopted a comparative- quantitative method and data from 49 countries were analyzed using a fuzzy logic approach. The results of the study of single necessary and sufficient conditions revealed that, for balance between economic development and equality higher education, each of the social cohesion, universalism, control of corruption, rule of law, democracy, Political Stability, industrialization and economic globalization was a necessary condition per se and the scientific efficiency was sufficient conditions. In conjectural and synthetic causation in all, alone one causal- conjectural path, was calculated based on criterias for specifying theoretical and experimental sufficiency (coefficient of coverage and consistency). In all alone, the path showed that had the necessary theoretical and experimental importance. results revealed that in the causal path, industrialization, scientific efficiency, rule of law, democracy and Political Stability in combination with other factors provided sufficient conjectural causation in the creation of the required result (balance between economic development and equality of higher education).

Now adays, new content and form of family communications between couples have emerged. It also has had undeniable effects on the role and social esteem of women in developing countreies. In this paper, to determine the affecting factors on the social esteem of women in Kerman city, the theories of functionalism (Parsons) and conflict (Collins) were examined. Threr for, 300 married women in Kerman were selected by multistage cluster sampling. The results of this study revealed that the esteem of women in Kerman is related to the access to valuable resources, gratifications, appreciation, moral solaridity and equity.According to these results social esteem of women is depended to the conflict theory pattern. This means that, access to valuable resources is much more important than values and desires in personality system to describe the social esteem of women in family communications. According to results we propose that mass media by provision of training programs and universities by adding a new course under the name of effective communication patterns and styles of couple attachment help to current situation of family.

Social phobia is one of the anxiety disorders characterized by fear of being with the others and avoid doing everyday activities in the presence of other people. It may happen at different ages. There are several factors associated with it. In this article, we attempt to examine some factors, including the role of religion in influencing self-esteem and as a result its effect on social phobia.The method of the research is a survey and the statistical population includes the whole 15-29 year old youth in ten zones of Tabriz. They were 430098 people of whom 384 youths were chosen through Cochran formula and using stratified random sampling method. The results of bivariate tests between social phobia and self esteem show that self esteem had a significant effect on social phobia. It correlation coefficient was -0.322. Also, of the two constructs of religion, raised in the study as hypotheses, faithfulness was approved with a 0.134 correlation coefficient. The results of the path analysis also show that the direct impact of religion on social phobia is significant (0.182). A direct effect of self-esteem on social phobia is also significant (-0.341). The results also show that religiosity has a significant effect on social phobia through self-esteem.

Emigration is an old international phenomenal that has been done in different forms, goals, reasons and to be continued.Today due to increasing emigration all human societies are faced to challenge.Immigration in nature have difficult for immigrants and adolescence. Adolescence is important age because of critical period, those difficulties will become more when it linked migration that can caused variety of problems. Since 30 years ago immigrants from Afghanestan came to Iran. In this study had interviewed 30 teenagers from Afghanestan by grounded theory.This study was conducted by grounded theory. Data collected with the use of semi-structured interviewed 30 teenagers from Afghanestan and analysis with Strauss and Corbin method to determined the barriers to social integration.The most important obstacles of afghanestan teenagers were lack of social skills in their relationship, family resistance to change, experience of discrimination, insult, rejection, social labels. In result the most important barriers to enter into the host society that show these obstacles had made by teenagers, their family, host community immigrants and refugee law.It suggested to other researchers to use these our result for making plan in Iran.

This paper is a comparison study of effective social-economic factors of emotional divorce between two groups of housewives and working women of Qom County. This is a survey research which is conducted by using questionnaires. The sampling was done by using clustering method. The questionnaire reliability was assessed after designing using Cronbach test (0.949) which was good. The findings were analyzed by SPSS software. The relationship between variables was used for correlation coefficient, multiple regression and t-test of two independent groups and central tendency and dispersion indicator were used to describe the data of each indicator. The results of multivariable regression show that the highest relative share in the development of emotional divorce is 0.854 and it belongs to religious difference variable. There is no significant difference of average of emotional divorce between housewives and working women. There was no significant difference betweenemotional divorce and income level.