مجله پژوهشهای منظر شهر
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

In recent decades with the development of industry and technology، growth and development of cities are also thriving. Urbanism and architecture today، regardless of climate، culture and geographic location are being formed similarly in different places. The consequences of neglect to the identity of cities include creation of artificial environments and meaningless، reduction of social interaction، and citizens’ apathy towards their living environment. In this regard، this study was conducted to identify and analyze the components of Shahr-e-Babak identity. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The data collected through questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical methods such as frequency distribution، Tavkndal Bi test، and spearman correlation coefficients. The residents’ interest in Shahr-e-Babak was measured using The Likert Scale and in total، 45. 8% of respondents had expressed a lot of interest in Shahr-e-babak، which was much higher than expected. In assessing the relationship between the duration of residence and inhabitants’ sense of belong to the place، the significance level of Kendall tau-b correlation is 0. 00; therefore، the correlation between the two variables is confirmed. On the other hand، Kendall''s tau-b correlation coefficient equals 0. 191 respectively. This means that the test is based on the relationship between the two variables، as there are positive. Almost 19 percent of the dependent variable (sense of belonging to the place) is affected by the independent variable (the duration of residence). In order to identify the identity component of Shahr-e-Babak and assessing of its significance from the perspective of residents، 19 components in various aspects of natural، physical، cultural، economic، etc. were considered. The results of the evaluation of the importance of identity component of inhabitants’ views suggest that Meymand village، copper and turquoise mines are the most significant identity components of Shahr-e-Babak and the lowest percentage is dedicated to City River. In order to consider the relationship between gender and education of residents in selecting identity component، kendall''s tau، gamma، and Somer’s d were used. In all three tests، the significance level of sig is equal and is more than 0. 05; therefore، the null hypothesis is confirmed and there is no relationship between education and identity components.

Natural environments are considered among the most important ecological structures of the cities، and if planned correctly، they can result in the sustainability of urban natural processes. The urban rivers and watercourses، as hidden urban areas، are the opportunities which are ignored and forgotten. Due to the lack of open and green areas in cities and despite the huge potentials of the urban rivers and watercourses، they are not used appropriately. Unfortunately، in most cities of Iran are not worthy of the attention area rivers with high potential for use in accordance with adjacent tissue، has been left unused and therefore considering the balance between the natural environment and man-made environment is greater than ever. Also neglect of the problem and improper management، cause these areas to be turning to the abandoned places. While in developing countries، suitable actions are taken about these areas. One way out of this Current attention to urban design and sustainable principles involved in designing coastal rivers. According to studies done in the rivers have high potential to improve the appearance and urban landscape As well as the ability to create spaces for social interaction is capable of developing. The objective of this research is to revival of Peripheral lands of Mahabad River in mahabad region from Azarbayjan Gharbi in relation to sustainability form urban design viewport. In this regard، increase the quality of public spaces، encourage cities to revive the city identify، motivate people to contribute are objective of this project. The project to collect data from two arenas (where survey techniques)، SWAT (SWOT) library is used. The theoretical methods (research papers and library) by reference to the resources available in both English and Farsi (books، journals، results of seminars and conferences) as well as the processing of the necessary information was gathered networking sites. In the field of survey techniques using location (in this way a number of questions related to the subject matter and the people have after the assessment، the design put their views). The method SWOT، in this way، the strengths، weaknesses، threats and opportunities in Framework-of spatial، social، environmental، operational، transport and traffic، economic perceptions and visual range is desired. The finding of this project is guidelines to improve space quality. The research offers design criteria for environmental، physical، social and cultural standards.

The quality of historical contexts has been one of the most important subjects of the recent studies of urban design، and trying to create a space that attracts citizens'' satisfaction in various aspects has been proposed as one of the main strategies of urban design projects. It appears that in the meantime the visual quality of space due to the interaction with the human eye is one of the first steps in perceiving the space pleasurableness by citizens. This article has dealt with the analysis of the visual system subject by the evaluation criteria in the historical context of Boushehr. This evaluation has been formed based on the mental attitude in space، and it seems that it can be used as a method for analyzing the visual system ornaments in urban design. The approach of this research is to provide a methodology for assessing the landscape based on the content study and analysis of literature concerning the urban design and architecture، by descriptive and pictorial analysis it provides a framework for evaluating representatively the different visual ornaments in the historical contexts. Although this article does not attempt to prove a specific hypothesis، in order to identify the effective ornaments in the visual system of historical contexts، some hypotheses has been used. Firstly، it seems that the visual system ornaments in the places of city that has a historical context، have a significant impact on the structure، performance and meaning of these areas. Secondly، systematization of the visual system ornaments in the historical places of city makes these areas have better efficiency. Finally، it seems that there is a relationship between the visual system ornaments in the places that have a historical texture and mental image of citizens. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the study area by the extracted ornaments، so that doing this we achieve the working procedures that the urban space along with the proper performance has a capability of proper perceptibility for the observer as well. In this regard، we first review the basic definitions and concepts of urban landscape، visual system، and the different approaches to the analysis of visual dimension. Then، the case of study is assessed by extracting a set of criteria and indicators related to the visual system in the form of tables and pictures. Finally، a set of visual system ornaments in each of the places of the studied area is expressed. It should be noted that in this research، the analytical-descriptive method and the method of reviewing the texts and resources have been used as the instruments of collecting data based on the library studies. In addition، we have used the method of case study and studying the pictorial documents، observation، and interview based on field studies.

Cultural landscape concept includes natural and cultural values، which are the conclusion of interaction between humans and nature in history. In addition to the interactions، cultural landscape contains، protects and represents the identity and history of a region and the people who live in it. Hence، protecting the cultural landscape and its values are very important. Today، Hooraman region in Kurdistan with cultural concentration of shrine of Pireshalyar and its related traditions have changed to cultural landscape and identity of Hooraman. In terms of geographical location، like other shrines and holy places of ancient Iran specially like the Zoroastrians shrines، which were built centuries ago، has located near mountains، springs and trees، which is the reminder of ancient beliefs of Iranians based on Naturalism and is rooted in beliefs of gods in nature. On the other hand، virtually cultural heritage in the format of pilgrimage ceremonies، costume، traditions، celebrations، and … besides physical factors as important and identifying factors، has remained in Hooraman. This complex has created a cultural-religious landscape that contains many values. The research initially shows that the culture of residents and pilgrims of the shrine of Pireshalyar has caused specific behaviors and consequently a cultural landscape with a pilgrimage and religious focus and institutionalized a kind of behavioral pattern in the region. The current research seeks to introduce and study unique characteristics of cultural landscape of the region from the viewpoint of Hooramis and tourists. The research method includes review of library documents، literature review، field observations، and survey. The findings show that the culture of residents and pilgrims of Pireshalyar has shaped a specific type of cultural landscape in Hooraman. In fact، the coordinated interaction «natural site of earth (nature)»، «cultural and religious considerations (virtual)» and«specific architecture of the region (physical)» have caused the fundamental characteristics of the cultural-religious landscape of Hooraman that despite including structural similarities with other cultural landscapes، have exclusive characteristics.

In architecture and urban design، considering the ideas of citizens is one of the most important factors for designing. That is to say، what features the space and surrounding environment should have in order to attract people. One of these urban elements that cause this attractiveness is urban furniture. Urban furniture is an element، which is very important in terms of creating identity، beauty، and readability of the city. From the perspective of a western theorist، if city intelligence should be identified، its urban furniture has to be considered. According to this perspective، we realize the importance of urban furniture. The present study aims at investigating the role of urban furniture in the vitality of historical context sidewalks. To conduct this research، the sidewalks of Shahrdari and Hafezieh streets in Shiraz were selected as samples. The study is a combined research and the data collection was done through library and indirect observation methods. In the indirect method، two types of questionnaires related to two historical places were provided and randomly distributed among 118 pedestrians (58 people on Shahrdari Street and 58 ones on Hafeziyeh Street in Shiraz). The collected data were investigated by Correlation Coefficient Test (Spearman Correlation) and Single-sample T-test and were evaluated using the 5-point Likert scale. Reliability of the questionnaires assessed using Cronbach''s Alpha was 0. 870. Results of the present study indicate that creating vitality by using appropriate urban furniture in historical places may reduce the depreciation of those places. Investigating other factors effective on these sidewalks، it is to say that factors، such as environmental comfort as well as the monuments themselves، make these historical places lively. It is implied that the factors effective on vitality، including urban space، have an effective relationship with urban space and tourist''s attraction.

Population growth and development of urbanism in hazard-disposed areas lead to higher vulnerability to natural disasters in civil societies. Ignoring riparian zones in construction and development and hyper-grazing and non-standard agriculture by humans have a number of direct and indirect deconstructive influences. One of the crises that threaten the cities is the flooding due to the interference of human in nature. On the other hand، by consideration of major risk reduction factors، risk of disasters that leads to catastrophes may be predicted and procedures can be conducted to avert them. This act requires preparation، development، and incorporation of various local data. Geographic Information System، as an efficient tool in analyzing the local data، can be very effective in evaluating and zoning of this hazard. Tehran province is constantly under flooding threat because of its special geographic conditions. Unfortunately، because of heterogeneous development of the cities in recent years and ignoring the principal urban planning regulations، there exist serious sewerage complications. As a result، one of the crises that threaten Tehran province is flooding due to human interference in nature. Therefore، in order to control and decline these disasters، policies regarding land use allocation in riparian zone and watercourse، transport network development، and soil blowing control، should be adopted based on maps and probable hazards in riparian zones and watercourses. In this research، flooding risk due to human factors in Tehran province is investigated using ArcGIS Software، and then the extracted data are analyzed. To do so، the effective factors on flooding due to human factors، and preparation of contingency maps for vulnerable locations، are recognized. In this approach، initial data are provided first، and then the required layers are extracted from the data structure table in ArcGIS Software. Subsequently، the layers associated with effective coefficients in flooding due to human factors، such as land use layer، access network in riparian zones layer، and amount of soil blowing layer، are mounted on each other and contingency and vulnerability are generated separately. After that، flooding due to human factors and contingency maps were generated separately and factored based on their effects on probability and intensity of the disaster. The calculated layers are mounted on each other، leading to the final map، which shows the flooding possibility due to human factors mostly due to violating the riparian zones. Analyzing the flood hazard map of the province demonstrates that most of the residential constructions and even substructures like transportation networks are built in riparian zones and watercourses، having very high risk of flooding. This happens because urban planning and land use regulations and standards are ignored، and in case of a disaster، there would be a huge financial and life loss. Because of this، crisis management and vulnerability reduction of areas with high and very high risks require appropriate and practicable planning and policies such as reduction in density of human residences، transportation network، and facilities in riparian zones and watercourses، creating constructional laws for riparian zones، and following the agricultural standards.

A therapeutic garden design objective is to create specific environment for health promotion by doing therapeutic activities. The gardens promote all three dimensions of health: physical، mental، and social. According to this، therapeutic gardens are divided into four categories: meditative gardens focused on improving mental health، healing gardens focused on regaining health by sensory experience of nature، restorative gardens focused on improving social health and enabling gardens focused on improving physical health. Meditative gardens are specifically designed to allow individuals to quietly reflect in thought process. Healing gardens promote physical، psychological، and spiritual dimensions of health. The main purpose of restorative gardens is to allow the body to regain balance after stressful events passively. Enabling gardens are programmed to maintain and enhance the physical condition of target clientele through activities. In this research، with regard to the therapeutic role of nature and in line with provision of a practical solution proportional to cultural and native values of Iranians، the Persian Garden Landscape Pattern compliance with four categories of Therapeutic garden has been studied. Deduction process consists of three stages: firstly، extraction of characteristics and features of four patterns of therapeutic gardens based on matching parameters in their definitions; secondly، investigation of conformity of these characteristics to a Persian Garden Pattern through description and analysis of the existing library documents، and finally، proving the hypothesis through investigation of the experts’ attitude via a questionnaire survey. The Persian Garden Landscape Pattern is an appropriate pattern to be applied in design ideas of healing gardens، meditative gardens، and the lowest rates of accordance with the enabling gardens. The highest percentage of conformity related to the readability feature (93/6%)، orthogonal geometry and symmetry described readability in the Persian Garden. According to the experts، after readability، calmness and the absence of any physical and mental stress in the environment are the most important features of the Persian Gardens in the present study. The reasons are presence of water and a smart choice of plants and planting in the Persian Gardens. In this study، creating opportunities for social interaction in the gardens (54/2%)، creating involvement and participation of users in horticultural therapy activity (55%) had the lowest percentage of conformity based on the experts’ views. Persian Gardens were not public and specifically designed for exclusive use among properties، in a regular geometric pattern with rectangular and similar routes، the possibility of creating living space corners and spaces for social interaction decreases. According to the proposed definition of therapeutic gardens، the Persian Garden Pattern improves health through the sensory experience of nature. It is specifically focused on the promotion of mental health and missing designed spaces to improve physical and social aspects of the users’ health. In applying the pattern of Persian Garden as four categories of therapeutic gardens in order to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of a garden، the designers are required to improve the facility of creating opportunities for social interaction in the gardens، feasible involvement and participation of users in horticultural therapy activity and creating comfort in carrying out these activities.