فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 24، زمستان 1394)

The purpose of this study was to compare health-oriented lifestyle among employed women working at educational centers with unemployed ones. This research used survey methodology. The statistical population included women working at primary education of the area 1 in Yazd in 2012. The sample size consisted of 120 individuals randomly selected by Cochran formula. For the comparison between the lifestyle of employees and non-employees, the sisters of 120 women not employed helped to collect data. The main tool for data collection was the standardized questionnaire of LSQ through interviews. Validity through face validity and reliability through Cronbach's alpha was calculated. According to research findings, there was a significant relationship between health-oriented lifestyle of employed and non-employed women. Findings showed no significant relationship between lifestyle and living conditions. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship of age with family size and lifestyle; however, education and lifestyle showed a significant relationship. Multiple regression analyses indicated that respectively education and age explain ten percent of health and lifestyle changes.

Since the ancient, family violence has been one of the most challenging issues in families, but the violence against women has been presented and considered more than before. However, the truth is that husband abuse has been added to the set of family violence, which sometimes can be observed in the cities. Therefore, the present study attempts to measure the degree of husband abuse among married men in the Metropolis of Tabriz and investigates some factors affecting it. The method employed in the present study is a quantitative one by relying on positivism; the paper investigates the mentioned aim among 270 participants selected as sample size from Tabriz City by using the multistage sample method and by employing the instrument of questionnaire. The results of findings indicate the existence of husband abuse in the investigated population (however low or moderate). Among the important effective variables, the variable of relatives’ intervention has had the most effect on the degree of husband abuse. The variable of social trust between wives and husbands influenced by the mentioned variable has had a significant effect on the dependent variable so that the total variables have been able to explain 56% of the variance of the variations of the variable of husband abuse. This issue can be an alarm for the authorities of social and cultural affairs regarding the probability of creating flaws in family stability.

The present research attempted to comprise primary maladaptive schemas and cognitive insight in divorced and normal women.The research method was causal-comparative design categorized as descriptive one. The research sample included 100 women (50 divorced women who had referred to counseling center of administration of justice of Semnan city, and 50 women who never had divorce complaint selected by available sampling with consideration of entrance criterion. Both groups had the same age, socio-economic status, residence region, and the year of married life. In this research, selected samples filed out Young’s primary maladaptive schemas, Beck’s cognitive insight, and Enrich’s married satisfaction questionnaires. Data analyses by using multivariate variance analysis showed that divorced women were different from normal counterparts except in approval-seeking/recognition seeking, entitlement/grandiosity schemas. In addition, two groups were different in cognitive insights, but they were not different in thoughtful subscale. The primary maladaptive schemas and cognitive insight could lead to marital dissatisfaction. This model as a preventive approach can help problematic spouses in clinical settings.

The research investigated the relationship between marital conflicts with life satisfaction and moral judgment development. The research method was correlation. The statistical population of research consisted of 240 pupils and their parents. Multi stage cluster sampling selected seven classes consisted of 114 pupils and their parents as the statistical sample. The research tools consisted of Martial conflicts questionnaire (MCQ- R) (Sanaee, 2007), Life satisfaction questionnaire (SWLS) (Denier, 1985) and moral judgment development questionnaire (MJT) (1998). Data analyzing with Pearson coefficient of correlation and multiple stage Regression indicated a negative and significant relationship of marital conflicts with pupils’ Life satisfaction and moral judgment development. Marital conflicts dimensions were significantly predictor of life satisfaction and moral judgments development. Among Marital conflicts dimensions, the increased emotional reactions were the strongest predictor.

The purpose of this study was to examine sociological factors affecting the level of street harassment in the city of Kermanshah. Descriptive and survey method was conducted in the research. SPSS software analyzed the required data collected through a questionnaire. The population size consisted of 20325 individuals including all girls and women aged15 to 49 in Kermanshah according to the statistical information of 2010. Cluster random sampling was used. The result of correlation coefficient showed that there was a meaningful relationship between the religion and influence of friends. However, the result of comparing average indicated that socioeconomic status, material status and presence on the street had significant effect on street harassment. The result of multivariate regression showed that 4 variables including the relative deprivation (Beta=.36), influence of friends (Beta.27), the religion (Beta= -.19), and social disorganization (Beta=.17), in order of importance in explaining the dependent variable were entered and all together explained 57% of internal changes in dependent variable.

The main purpose of the present paper is to identify the effects of political participation and its effective factors among women in Iran. Secondary analysis of a survey project named “The causes of increase in the number of girls who pass the entrance examination of the universities and its political, social and economic consequences in 2005 " was performed. Results indicate that the average political participation in both groups, women with college education and employed and women without college education and non-employed are very low. Good fitting theoretical model, especially among working women and college groups suggests that political awareness and their attitudes to politics can influence on this group of women’s political participation. Policy attitudes as an intermediate variable relates to political awareness, sense of gender inequality in the field of politics, trust in government institutions and authorities of the country and finally social capital especially community activities. Social empowerment and obstruction should be decreased which combines three elements of awareness, political decisions making ability and organizing. Women’s political participation requires increase in political awareness, political decisions making and political organization of women. Accordingly, education, employment and communal relationships increase can effect on women's political participation enhancement.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between belief in glass ceiling and mental success of female staffs at Shiraz municipality. The method of this study, in terms of purpose is practical (applicable) and research project is descriptive-correlation using the survey method. The statistical population of this study includes all female staffs (600 employees).the sample size consists of 230 individuals chosen by Cochran formula. This paper illustrates descriptive characteristics of research variables such as maximum-minimum, frequency and percentage obtained by SPSS. After presenting the correlation matrix, multivariable regression determines the contribution of predictor variable in criterion variable. The main finding shows a negative and significant relationship of belief to glass ceiling of women with mental successfulness and its dimensions. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship between resiliency dimension and mental successfulness and its dimensions, there is a negative and significant relationship between denial of glass ceiling and mental success and its dimensions, and there is a negative and significant relationship between acceptance dimension and mental successfulness and its dimensions including job satisfaction. In addition, the resiliency from glass ceiling dimension has the most role in determining the mental successfulness.

Security is undoubtedly perceived as one of the necessities of life in the society. Women’s social life highly depends on their feeling of security because of their special social and psychological position. This research attempted to analyze the relationship between social capital and feeling of security for women. The sample size included 2000 people (of whom 903were women) selected by a combination of cluster and stratified sampling according to the age and gender in 22nd district of Tehran. Data analyses by AMOSS17 and SPSS 19 software examined the relationship between social capital and sense of security of women. The results showed that institutional trust (0.286) had the most effect on women's sense of security. Then women's political participation (0.174) and public trust (0.145) respectfully had the most impact on women's sense of security. This paper also studied levels of (civic, charitable, and religious) participation however; they had no significant impact on women's sense of security.