فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1394)

Tourism has economic significance and is one of the main sources of national income for states. The sustainability of tourism revenue is an important subject and security is one of the main affecting factors on tourism sustainability. The main goal of this article is to consider political disquiet effects on tourism revenue in the Turkey, Iran & Egypt from 1995 to 2012. In this article, GNP, CPI, and the occurrences of political–social crises were used as the inputs. For the analysis of the data, the multiple linear regression and Durbin-Watson autocorrelation method were applied. The results showed that there is no autocorrelation in the series and also the tourism revenue of Turkey and Egypt is under affection of political –social disquiets. But in the case of Iran because of its special political case, the affecting factor on the decline of tourism revenue is the CPI.

In recent years, Cultural discussion is one of the most important affecting issues on the development of human societies. There would be an end to the conflict between tradition and modernity and also between locations and settlements by its popularity. It is important to identify and explain the areas of development and awareness of their strengths and weaknesses because sustainable development's paradigm requires a balance in the distribution of services, cultural, economic and environmental issues. Thus, understanding the advantages, local and regional potentials has been considered as a fundamental principles of development planning to clarify the current situation. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to consider 7 counties in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province in term of cultural components. For this purpose, selected 42 cultural component by using document method and is determined the importance of each by the 24 experts. This descriptive-analytical study was used multi-criteria ELECTR technique for the classification of the counties. The results indicate that firstly, cultural indicators are not equally distributed in 7 counties in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad and noted significant differences between the counties in terms of cultural services and secondly, due to the output, ELECTR technique revealed that the cities such as Bahmaei, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad located respectively in term of cultural development and Gachsaran is placed in the lowest level.

Creation balance between development indicators, especially in cities is considered as one of the best development criteria. Consideration of current status is the first step of reaching this goal. Thus, classifying cities of Hamedan province in terms of access to eight selected factors from civil services subset is the main aim in this research. This descriptive-analytical research has an applicable goal setting approach through serving and experts’ opinion by using statistical resources, librarian studies and questionnaire. Statistical population is fourteen cities of Hamedan province which in terms of civil services such as: fire station, public libraries, parks, hospitals, waste transport vehicle, traveling terminals, advanced training centers and communication services office evaluating by PROMETHEE and STURGESS models in VISUAL PROMETHEE environment. According to results, there is a big gap between Hamadan cities in their facilities. In other words, the most inflow of output in terms of possessing civil services in PROMETHE model and the top position in STURGESS model (332) rather than the other province’s cities allocated to Hamedan. In contrast, Azandarian city with (-0.864) and (6) values respectively in PROMETHE and STURGESS models, is the most deprived of eight municipal facilities in the province. Findings of PROMETHE model shows that middle cities except Hamedan and Azandarian are more appropriate to the current position. To summarize, the grade of province cities in Promethee model match more to the eight civil services examined, while the STURGESS model’s ones have less compatibility.

Creation balance between development indicators, especially in cities is considered as one of the best development criteria. Consideration of current status is the first step of reaching this goal. Thus, classifying cities of Hamedan province in terms of access to eight selected factors from civil services subset is the main aim in this research. This descriptive-analytical research has an applicable goal setting approach through serving and experts’ opinion by using statistical resources, librarian studies and questionnaire. Statistical population is fourteen cities of Hamedan province which in terms of civil services such as: fire station, public libraries, parks, hospitals, waste transport vehicle, traveling terminals, advanced training centers and communication services office evaluating by PROMETHEE and STURGESS models in VISUAL PROMETHEE environment. According to results, there is a big gap between Hamadan cities in their facilities. In other words, the most inflow of output in terms of possessing civil services in PROMETHE model and the top position in STURGESS model (332) rather than the other province’s cities allocated to Hamedan. In contrast, Azandarian city with (-0.864) and (6) values respectively in PROMETHE and STURGESS models, is the most deprived of eight municipal facilities in the province. Findings of PROMETHE model shows that middle cities except Hamedan and Azandarian are more appropriate to the current position. To summarize, the grade of province cities in Promethee model match more to the eight civil services examined, while the STURGESS model’s ones have less compatibility.

Housing is a heterogeneous, lasting, immovable and costly commodity and plays an important role in social organization at space. Efforts to provide suitable, lasting and secure housing is one of the greatest concern of contemporary societies and governments today. From a different viewpoint, housing in a long term development program should be considered such as economic basis for performance. Many strategies and policies have been proposed to provide housing for all governments as one of the most important issues that is raised in contemporary societies. In Iran, in recent years, Boom and bust housing market along with its associated issues, housing is considered as an important in terms of quantitative and qualitative as a pivotal factor. The main purpose of this article is evaluating of income groups and provide plan for low-income groups housing by using statistical techniques used in Hamadan housing province. This analytical-descriptive research method has used income deciles statistical techniques. The studies have done in this article indicate that housing condition is not appropriate among low- income groups in Hamadan. So, based on the analysis of housing indicators according to income groups have been investigated that the government’s policies during the recent years have not influenced low-income groups positively and even in some of time courses they have had many negative consequences for them.

Nowadays, employment is one of the important country's development indicators and its fair distribution is one of the basic necessities of coordinated development. Discussions about employment and its dimensions have influenced various economic, social and political sections. Employment and the fair distribution of its opportunities in urban and rural areas are the most important issues for program-planners in Iran. In this regard, this article seeks to explore the spatial pattern of the changes and trends of employment in rural areas of Isfahan province. The research article is Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) and spatial moving average method is used to detect spatial patterns and spatial processes. Number of neighborhoods k = {60, 54, 42, 30, 24, 12} is intended, with regard to comparing various patterns we can find two general and local trends in different scales. The data in this article is used according to the population and housing census from 1357 to 1390 rural points with population in Isfahan province. Local maps indicate a high rate of employment in rural areas (K=12 and K=24) and with increasing K to 60, spots of lower employment rate has been sharper and more general process takes. This process was also performed for indicators of unemployment, the 10-year employed population and more, as well as the activities about agriculture, industry and services. Overall, the results indicate spatial inequalities indicators in rural areas and the main focus of service and industry activities in the rural areas surrounding the Isfahan city center.

Objectives of the national development rural industrialization strategy play a significant role in social, economic and environmental aspects. Our purpose in this research is investigating the effects of Chenaran Industrial State on surrounding villages. To this end, the social statue of 110 rural workers employed in the industrial state with 150 non-industrial rural people has been investigated. Research method is descriptive-analytical and data collected. via library recourses and survey method. Validity of the questionnaire is confirmed to experts, university professors and managers of the companies and its reliability (0.71) is recognized by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.. The results indicate that the rural areas around the industrial state and rural workers of industrial estate had better status rather than other rural people. T-test results for the social impacts of the industrial estate is 2.39 which is larger than the theoretical mean (). Therefore, the 95% confidence level of the above effects has been. confirmed. But, inferences about the environmental impact of industrial estate on the air, water, solid waste and noise pollution in the rural area has been confirmed by the rural residents.

Pistachio has high economic value as the non-oil exports of Iran therefore, and identification of prone areas for pistachios cultivation will provide necessary planning. By considering that each agricultural products requires special climate and specific environment, experts have particular attention to the land use planning based on the ecological model-land, resources with appropriate methods to identify and evaluate for specific goal. The purpose of this study is to identify ecological potential of pistachio cultivation areas in city of Damghan. In this regard, the analysis has been used for determining the ecological requirements, topographic index (height and slope), geology, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature; and then modeling and spatial analysis of data by using multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) based on Vikor method and GIS software based on potentiality land of Damghan city for pistachio cultivation. Base on Vikor method, Damghan city for pistachio cultivation is divided into five sections: very suitable, suitable, middle, weak and unsuitable. Suitable and very suitable land, 68/96 percent, and middle land, 21/76 percent, are mainly placed at Ghahab Rostagh, Ghahab Sarsar, Home, and Damankooh districts. On the other hand, weak and unsuitable land is allocated 9/24 percent from city area that mainly placed at Roodbar, Tooye Darvar districts and allocated to the very thin strips from Home and Damankooh districts.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are contained geographic regions within countries, adopting liberal laws and economic policies to encourage foreign-invested manufacturing and services for export. The aims of the zones include: increased trade, increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage setting up businesses in the zone liberal policies are introduced. They are widely used around the world as part of a country’s overall economic development strategy. The aim of present study is study the role of the Salafchegan special economic zone in Qom province for regional economic and social development. The statistical population is the entire rural people lives in Salafchegan County in 2014. Sample sizes were calculated by Cochran's formula and a total of 110 people were selected through multistage sampling method and questionnaires were completed. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed to expert's viewpoints and Reliability of scales were reviewed and approved by using Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the data, the analysis of frequency tables, chi-square tests and one-sample t-tests were used. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed by using SPSS software. Chi-square test was used to verify differences in the proportion of people who agree or disagree about research variables. Test results showed that respondents, except stabilized population, were confirmed with a confidence level of 99% the positive effects of all variables. Also, the results of t-test with 99% confidence level showed that Special Economic Zone Salafchegan improved the variables of employment, income, stabilization of population, Services and transportation infrastructures has been developed.

Identifying areas vulnerable to natural disaster such as earthquake is one of the initial steps in the risk management plan development and construction. Earthquake is categorized as a natural disaster that could be the occurrence of loss, damage and cause a lot of damage. Natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, etc. have always existed on the Earth life. In recent decades, despite massive advances in science and technology to predict events, construction-building and managing crises, natural disasters also have imposed heavy costs on human societies. Predict the location of the occurrence, severity and impact of many natural disasters require accessibility to a database of information. The purpose of this study is to identify villages at risk of earthquakes that require spatial zoning in earthquake-prone areas. Research Method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection is done by using library studies and studying documents. Data analysis is done by using the required digital layers, (VIKOR) model, Spatial zoning of vulnerable areas of rural exposed to Earthquakes in Talesh. The criteria used in this study are layers of geology, depth and intensity of earthquakes occurred in Talesh. AHP analytical model is used for weighting the criteria. After the spatial zoning operation in the Vikor Model, it was determined that there are 155 villages of 315 villages in Talesh county endangered by high risk of earthquake region. After rrevealing the villages at risk, the next step is to identify housing at risk (short-lived) in the rural areas in order to update and upgrade them for increasing the strength of them against earthquakes.

Agricultural land fragmentation has frequency been considered in locational-spatial systems of rural settlement in recent decades. Planners and rural development experts want to solve this problem with different approaches and sometimes offer an approach. Any rural spatial system has a given structure according to environmental ecological context and particularly socioeconomic structure which causes land fragmentation. Specific structural-functional characters of Mishijan Olya, is triggered this article to seek and analyze the cases of agricultural land fragmentation. This descriptive-analytic research is used the Library and field methods and tools such as questionnaires and map for gathering data. Statistical population of this research was170 farmers of Mishijan Olya. Indicators examined in this study included: ownership structure, population structure, land reform, physical structure, inheritance laws, tenure system and Cultivation land. Results show that factors and trends such as Inheritance laws, ownership structure and tenure system as internal forces and land reform as external force have been influenced in spatial system of Mishijan Olya village. Also, between this influenced factors in this village, Inheritance laws, ownership structure and land reform have a determined roles in land fragmentation. Accordingly, any proposed approach should consider these factors for integration in this area.

Multiple studies have been investigated the factors that influence individuals’ trip patterns in order to achieve sustainable transport and most of them showed that a relationship among built environment, socio-demographic factors and travel behavior of citizens. Nevertheless, the impacts of subjective dimensions such as the individuals᾿ attitudes on the adoption of various trip modes have been less regarded. This study leads to investigate the relationship between the individuals᾿ attitudes and travel behavior of citizens in two residential areas of Shiraz, Iran. Statistical analysis of collected data from has been done based on this hypothesis that there is a relationships between individuals’ attitudes and frequency of non-work trips in three modes (car, public transport, walking/cycling) to different destinations. Results show that individuals᾿ attitudes toward travel, pro-environmental policies, efficiency and safety in car trips have significantly influenced on trip modes. Positive attitude toward pro-environmental policies has a non-direct relationship to car use and direct relationship to walking. Moreover, individuals’ attitude towards car trips’ inefficiency leads them to use more public transportations. Accordingly, identifying the personal attitudes towards trip could play a vital role in expanding sustainable trip modes in transportation planning such as public transportation and walking specifically in non-work and leisure trips.

The rapid growth of cities and the development of their physical situation have caused lots of crises such as environmental problems and declining of environmental quality in urban areas. Also, the environmental quality has declined in our country because of different reasons such as an increase in the urbanization speed and changes in contexts of urban areas. The quality crises in urban environments has changed the tendency of more effective approaches to serious issue. Zanjan, as a middle sized city, has faced to these kinds of quality crises and lots of problems in different dimensions of urban environmental quality. Research methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical with qualitative and quantitative approach. This study is based on urban environment quality in the middle texture of Zanjan city by using physical and spatial parameters. The findings of this qualitative and quantitative research show that moderate desirability level of 23/92% and medium suitability level lower than 39/6% is allocated to the medium texture of the Zanjan city that show the unfavorable situation of physical-spatial indicators and existence a distance of qualitative indicators from favorable conditions. The results of the zonation in the middle texture of Zanjan shows the utility-quality of urban spaces in terms of physical dimensions. Some places like Terans, Bisim, Ghir bashi, Darvazeh arc, Gavaniyyeh, Darmangah, some neighborhoods of Amjadiyyeh, Safa and Moghaddam are placed at undesirable and inappropriate situation in the Middle texture part of Zanjan. Finally, it was recommended some proffers and masterworks for managing the crisis quality of urban poor communities in physical-spatial dimensions.

The main purpose of this study was to analysis factors affecting the practice of agriculture conservation operation by farmer exploitation. Statistical population of this study is consisted of all farmers in the Divandarreh county of Kurdistan province. By using Cochran's sampling formula, sample size was estimated as 126. Respondents were selected by using stratified random sampling method. For increasing reliability of the findings, 165 questionnaires were distributed among farmers, ultimately 150 questionnaires were completed and analyzed via SPSS software. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach's Alpha Coefficient (α>0.7). Results showed that there is a significant relationship between the use of conservation agriculture practices by farmers and extension courses of study. Results of correlation analysis showed that application of CAP by farmers significantly correlated with annual income, farmer’s work experience, farming land size, farmer's education level, using information channels, the rate of environmental problems, motivation to participate in environmental protection projects, using education- extension journal in agriculture field, knowledge and perspective toward CAP. Also, results of the regression analysis showed that three variables consisting of farmer's education level, farm work experience and using of education-extension journal in agriculture field explained 66.1 percent of dependent variable (CAP) variances changes. At the end of this study, proposals for the adoption of conservation agriculture based on the research results is presented.

In Iran, urban development plans could not have a desire function and most of their goals were not achieved. This issue caused misuse from valuable land resource. Recently, land use change in agricultural land use because of its added value and weakness of regional management in controlling land market have caused great changes in agricultural land use. Because of construction of tourism-leisure complexes and some unplanned towns, this was happened vastly in case study of this research. The research tries to investigate feasibility of “Transfer of Development Rights”. This method is based on collection of ownership rights and the main idea includes separating development right of some agricultural lands, open spaces or historic and ecologic sites and then selling these rights to owners or developers in appropriate developing regions. The results of this research shows that application of this method because of its financial benefits and also preventing land use change agricultural parcels by considering proposed floor area ratio (FAR=%100) and proportion of development right to ownership right (%25 to %75) has a great positive impact on conservation of agricultural parcels in Tonekabon

Fars province has the potential of geo-tourism manipulation due to having a variety of geomorphic sites with diapirism function. The performance of this diapirism has been exposed as plugs and salt-domes form in this province. 56 Salt plugs reported within Fars region and the Zagros geological belt-zone are as great evidence. Most of these phenomena have geological attraction, which makes them wonderful places as geo-sites. In addition, salt domes can be considered as geomorphic sites due to having scientific, cultural, historical, aesthetical and economical value. Despite of most investigations, which have been done on descriptive method, this research integrates quantitative results with geo-tourism agenda, based on existing data on geologic, geomorphic, topographic and demographic zones in the province by using Geographical Information System (GIS) as the primary analysis field. Different evaluated variables, in the optimal management of diapir geo-tourism, have been sorted as following based on the existing criteria and research calculations: Roads (about 100%), the equipment of county centers (98%), domes’ height (97%), distance between the domes and villages/oasis (82%).The result of this research will show the function of diapir geo-tourism on the acceleration of sustainable development process in the area as well as the economic progress of county centers and other oasis near these domes, as the main bases of geo-sites.