نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

There is a little information available regarding the effect of resistance and combined training on biomechanical response of bone in osteoporosis condition. This study evaluated the effect of combined training compared to resistance training on bone formation markers and femoral mechanical strength of osteoporotic male Rats. Among forty male Wistar rats, 8 rats were selected as healthy group, then osteoporosis were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 20% alcohol during 3 weeks for other rats. Osteoporotic rats were divided into 4 groups as: baseline, resistance, combined and control. The resistance training protocol consisted of 8 series of climbing activity on the vertical ladder with weights tied to animal tail. Combined group completed the both of resistance and endurance protocol (60 min/day, 12 m/min speed). After completing 12 weeks of exercisetrainings (5 days a week), the blood samples were collected and serum levels of osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase was measured by ELISA method. Execised left femurs were examined by three point bending test to obtain the maximum force and stiffness. The data were analyzed by one way-ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. A p value (0.05) was set for data statistical analysis. Two groups of the combined and resistance training showed a significantly increased on all measured parameters versus to control group (p<0.05). The effect of combined training on serum of bone specific alkaline phosphatase (p=0.04) and bone mechanical strength (P=0.0001) was more significant than resistance training. Perhaps the combined training provides more protection against of osteoporosis compared to resistance training.

Blood glucose level will be affected during physical activity therefore the supplementation could apply the important role in this case. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of carbohydrate alone and with L-Arginine supplementation on serum insulin and glucose levels during recovery periods after maximal aerobic activity. 12 physical education female students with mean age 21.33±1.37 years old and body mass index 21.71±. 59 kg m2 volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol was performed in two separate phase; both control and experimental groups were done within a week. In the control phase, subjects performed maximal aerobic activity with 80 85 MHR intensity until fatigue and then they consumed the carbohydrate supplement. In the experimental phase, after aerobic activity, carbohydrate with L-Arginine drink was consumed. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise, and also 1, 2 and 3 h after supplementation. Data were analyzed by (ANOVA) with repeated measure and Bonferoni post hoc tests. Significant level was set at p< 0.05. SPSS18 software was used for data analyzing. The results showed that carbohydrate supplementation with L-Arginine than carbohydrates have a significant increase in glucose concentration 2 and 3 hours (p=0.0001) and increase in insulin concentration immediately, 2 and 3 hours (p=0.0001) after intensive aerobic exercise. Carbohydrate with L Arginine consumption as compare to the carbohydrates consumption could increased glucose and insulin concentration levels during recovery period after exercise which is indicated the increasing of muscle glycogen synthesis during the recovery.

Cardiac rehabilitation is a new approach in various ways to increase performance and efficiency of patient. This study examined the effect of 12 weeks of endurance training with testosterone injections on Chemerin and Apelin levels in the process of rehabilitation in male adult rats with ischemic heart disease. 40 Wistar male rats (average weight 200 ± 10 g and 8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) and stored in a controlled environment: 1) control group (C), 2) injection of testosterone propionate group (TP), 3) endurance training group (ET) and 4) Endurance Training with injections of testosterone Propionate (ETTP). Endurance training group exercised for 12 weeks (5 days/week) and testosterone propionate group were given Testosterone propionate injections (3 times/week). Isoproterenol (50 mg/kg) was dissolved in normal saline and was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) during two days within 24 hours in order to create empirical myocardial infarction. After 12 weeks, rats anesthetized with sodium thiopental (50 mg/kg) and blood samples were taken and chemerin and apelin levels were measured by using ELISA method and data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc LSD tests. The results revealed a significant reduction in the amount Chemerin in endurance training (p=0.008), injected testosterone (p=0.03) and endurance training with testosterone injections (p=0.01) knows shown and the significant increase significant amounts of apelin in endurance training (p=0.001), injected testosterone (p=0.001) and endurance training with testosterone injections (p=0.001) was observed. This study shows that injection of testosterone and endurance training in the process of rehabilitation is feasible and can have a positive effect on cardiovascular health.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophic factor family that plays a key role in regulating survival, growth and maintenance of the neurons. Plasma BDNF is thought to help in the adaptation of the exercise; however the effects of resistance training interventions on BDNF are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of four weeks of resistance training on plasma BDNF in rats. Twenty female Wistar rats were divided randomly into control (n=5) and resistance training groups (n=15). The total exercise period was four weeks which performed three sessions per week. In each session, the weights were attached to the tail of the rats carried by climbing ladders with 5 repeat for three times. The resistance training group were anesthetized and blood samples were taken 24, 48 and 72 hours after the last exercise session. In order to evaluate BDNF content, ELISA method (Kite Promga G7611) was employed (Kite Promga G7611) and one-way ANOVA test were used for data analysis; and the significant level was set at p<0.05. Results showed the significant reduction in plasma BDNF levels at time course 24 and 72 h after last session exercise (p=0.04, p=0.02 respectively) as compare to the control group. However, it wasn’t significant at time course 48 hours after the exercise. Generally, 4 weeks of resistance training decreased plasma BDNF levels in the following days after the exercise. Thus, resistance exercise can be considered as one of the proper models to examine behavior of this neurotrophin.

Weightlifting can be considered as a resistance sport with common injuries that needs to special skeletalo-muscular adaptation. The aim of this research was to study the relationship between sport injuries incidence and causes and its financial costs in Iranian premier league weightlifters. 100 weightlifters in the 2012 weightlifting league with a mean age 25/54±2/30 years and 8/91±2/26 years of sport background were selected as statistical sample. All weightlifters of the league were selected as statistical sample. Data of research during two last years were collected by researcher through a questionnaire that modified by researcher based on Fuller and et al (2006) injury questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was proved by expertise, and Cronbach›s alpha 0.87 respectively. Information about costs was collected by a check list of cost registration. The data was analyzed by using statistical descriptive and Pearson correlation coefficient at p≤0.05. The results showed that the incidence of the injuries was as: upper extremity %38.92, the lower extremity %0.42 and at head, faceand neck %6.82. Moreover, the lower extremity strain was the most common injury as %24.79, but the highest cost was scored for the knee injury about 11000 dollars. No significant relationship was found between injury cost and incidence of injury in upper extremity and all organs, however, the relationship between injury cost with incidence of injury in lower extremity was significant (r=-0. 57, p=0.0001). The results also showed a significant relationship between injuries incidence with non-using protective belt (r=-0.13, p=0.04), and also with no warming up (r=-0.23, p=0.03) before exercises in the upper extremity. Moreover, the results showed a significant relationship between the injuries incidence and non-using knee pads (r=-0.19, p=0.02), and belt (r= 0.29, p=0.01) and no warming up (r=-0.23, p= 0.04) before exercise in the lower extremities. Applying a preventive strategies including special physical fitness program for weightlifters, adequate warming up, stretching program, use of protective device as belt and knee brace could have a important role to reduce the direct and indirect costs of them.

Male obesity is associated with reduced semen quality and oxidative damage in the testis. However, the reversibility of these phenotypes is not clear, but exercise training can be effective factor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the reversibility of obesity, semen quality and testis oxidative damage markers in obese rat in response to swimming training. Twenty obese male rats were assigned to moderate exercise training (n = 10), and control (n = 10) groups. A matched control group of normal weight rats (n = 10) were also used for baseline comparison. The moderate exercise program (40-70 percent of heart rate, 60 min/day swimming, 3day/week) was conducted for 8 weeks. After the intervention, rats were anesthetized in separated group and testes tissues were isolated for evaluation of different parameters. Tissue slices were investigated by Hematoxylin and Eosin method and spermatogenesis was scored according to Johnsen score. Data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD post hoc test. A probability of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. At the baseline, normal weight rats had significantly higher spermatogenesis quality (p<0.03) and total antioxidant capacities (p<0.02) than obese rats. In the exercise group, spermatogenesis quality (p< 0.04) and testes total antioxidant capacities (p<0.02) were significantly increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (p<0.03) and body weight (p<0.002) were significantly decreased after the swimming training. The current findings demonstrate that moderate swimming training can lead to improvement in spermatogenesis quality in obese rats, at least in part by down-regulation of oxidative stress in testes.

There is inverse relationship between physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers; so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high intensity interval training course on erythrocyte sedimentation rate of sedentary young men. For this purpose, 18 sedentary male (age=23.80±1.71 years, height=178.22±5.89 cm, weight=74.27±6.91 kg) were voluntarily chosen and randomly divided into training and control groups. The training group performed high intensity interval training (high 90 percent) for 6 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were measured by flow cytometry and Westergren method respectively, before and after 6 weeks of high intensity interval training from all subjects, in the fasting state. The dependent t test and independent t- test were used to analyze the data of study at p< 0.05. The results of this study showed that six weeks of high intensity interval training reduce the significantly erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p=0.004), body fat (p=0.01), plasma hematocrit (p= 0.002), plasma hemoglobin (p=0.001) and plasma red blood cell count (p = 0.001) and increase the volume of plasma in the training group. The results suggest that the high intensity interval training could be considered as a important factor to improve blood variables associated with the reduction of risk of cardiovascular disease in sedentary young men.

The cultural, social, and economic situation in our society cause to have little chances to experience running event for blind children. Since running is categorized as a fundamental activity to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of selected running training on 540 meter record in blind children. Materilas and This study was a quasi-experimental study based a «non equivalent control group» design. Study samples were blind children from an elementary visually impaired children school in Isfahan province. Experimental group were included 8 volunteers and control group included 10 volunteers. Exercise program was consisted of 3× 45-minute sessions per week program and lasted for 6 weeks. The 540 meters running test was used For evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness. Compliance rate of experimental group to the running program was calculated by the attendance form at the training session. The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Statistic signification was set as (p≤0. 05). The results showed significant interaction (F (1, 16) =3. 05, p=0. 03), within (F (1, 16) =19. 72, p=0. 001), and between (F (1, 16) =5. 75, p=0. 05) in favor of experimental group. At the end of training sessions compliance rate experimental group to exercise program was %94. Selected running training in this research can be effective to improve the record of 540 m running blind children.