نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 67، زمستان 1394)

At present, due to inefficient and incorrect management, most domestic aquifers in Iran, particularly in dry regions, including the Mashhad plain, face lowering levels of lakes and ponds in water storage and are sometimes subject to various pollutants. In fact, a main and significant index which shows the aquifers infections is that nitrate is found in water. In this research, an attempt has been made to prepare a mathematical model for qualitative and quantitative value of the Mashhad plain aquifer. Consequently, the aquifer’s behavior is predicted and simulated based on nitrate ion during the last twelve years.In order to develop a mathematical model for qualitative and quantitative value of Mashhad plain’s aquifer, meteorological, hydrological and hydro geological data and statistics were analyzed using Surfer Ver. 8 software, computer code Modflow 2000 and GMS processor. After calibration settings and verification, this mathematical model is achieved.Results indicate that in the year 2022 the problematic issue of nitrate infections will remain intact for most central and eastern parts of the Mashhad aquifer and its density in these regions varies from 10 to 90mg. Based on this information, in most regions nitrate density is more than the permitted amount (45mg per liter) and the annual mean drop value for this aquifer (0.90 meter) shows its critical situation.The main reason for this aquifer’s pollution during recent years is non-standard waste gathering and sewage burying methods and combination with water wells, thus its penetration through these water wells into the aquifer.

The objective of this study was to assess the extent and severity of heavy metal contamination in surface soils in the surrounding of the industrial town of Ahvaz 2. Sixteen topsoil samples were collected at 0-5 cm depth and were analyzed by ICP-OES for Co. Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. One sample was also investigated for mineralogy using X-ray. The abundance of heavy metals measured in these topsoil decreases as follows: Cr>Ni>Zn>Pb>Cu>Co. The minerals in the analyzed sample are composed of quartz, calcite, and halite as major minerals with dolomite and alunite as minor minerals. Results indicate that concentration of heavy metal in surface soil is due to fine grain texture of soil, clay content, alkaline pH, CaCO3 content, Na+ and aluminum oxide content. According to geochemical criteria such as enrichment factor (EF), index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) and pollution index (PI), the soils of the study area are considered to be moderately contaminated with respect to Cr, Ni and Pb, and uncontaminated with respect to Co, Cu and Zn. The calculated results of EF, Igeo and PI of heavy metals are as the following: Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu>Co.

Air pollution is one of anthropogenic aspect in 20th century especially cement factories have important role on air pollution. Pollutant material cement factories contain carbon bearing components, heavy metals, sulfur oxide, N oxide. This research aimed to investigate the heavy metal concentrations (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni (in soil samples of Neka cement dust deposition. The sampling was done on October of 2012. For this aim, 4 sample points were chosen with 100, 400, 800 intervals of cement factory. The protected area from the pollutant material was selected as control point. To ensure of samples sufficiency in each sample point, 4 soil samples were collected.. Then samples were dried and measured for heavy metals concentrations using digestive method with ICP. Our results showed that there is a high level of heavy metal concentrations at 10 meters interval from factory and heavy metal concentrations decrease parallel to distance increase. Also in more cases, measuring of heavy metals concentration, is more than the world standard and this indicates the big polluting role of Neka cement factory. Between the studied elements, Co, Cr, Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni and Zn have most different rate compared with world standard.

Gorgan Bay is a semi enclosed water body which currently has only a permanent connection with the Caspian Sea through mouth of Ashouradeh-Bandartorkaman. Decreasing trend of the Caspian Sea water level in past 19 years caused to adverse effects by land production in shallow coasts of Gorgan Bay and it is threatening that limited connection of Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea will cause disconnection totally. In this research, the effects of decreasing trend of the Caspian Sea water level on the connection status of Gorgan Bay were modeled under two scenarios of decreasing mean water level collections of the Caspian Sea. In first set of scenarios, the average of 5.2 cm and in set of second scenarios the average of 10.5 cm of decreasing water level in the Caspian Sea were used to topography position modeling in the Gorgan Bay. Under the first set of scenarios, the results of modeling show that, the connection of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea will be cut off permanently in Chapaghly area affected by decreasing in negative level in 27.6 meter in water year of 1410 – 1411. Under the second set of scenarios, the results of modeling show that the connection of the Gorgan Bay with the Caspian Sea will be cut off permanently in Chapaghly area affected by decreasing in negative level in 27.6 meter in water year of 1402 – 1403. Therefore it suggests that all the projects and the strategic programs of the government in southern coasts of the Caspian Sea including Gorgan Bay, engineering and operational program to be operated according to Amenagement Territoire scheme regarding to the approach of decreasing the level of the Caspian Sea and probable scenarios

Nitrogen and phosphorus are potential pollutants sources of water resources. They penetrate to the water resources through insufficient treated wastewater that is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of fixed bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor in removing nitrogen and phosphorous from municipal wastewater. In this paper, we study the nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater applying biological method and using sequencing batch biofilm reactor with fixed bed in a volume of 30 liters. For this purpose, we run a pilot study including anaerobic and aerobic/anoxic reactors for duration of 12 months for the treatment of synthetic wastewater with 300, 500, 800, and 1000 mg/L inlet COD concentration, 15 mg/L phosphorus concentration, and 40 mg/L nitrogen concentration. The minimum and maximum system efficiency for organic removal in terms of COD is 98.4 and 76.9%, nitrogen removal is 74.8 and 98.8%, and for the removal of phosphorus is 51.9 and 92.7%, respectively. Synthetic analysis shows significant match of the proposed system with Stover-Kincannon model and in most cases the correlation coefficient is reported 95%. FBSBR system shows considerable improvement in removing organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater at low and high concentrations. Moreover, the obtained results from synthetic analysis show competitive matching with Stover-Kincannon model and it is suggested for using in optimization and design.

Introdouction: the biomass of macro- algas was studied in summer and winter at 4 elected stations during spring tide in high in 2011, mid and low intertidal zone in Boushehr Port in Persian Gulf. The aim of this study is to identify and determine biomass of macro-algas in the intertidal zone of the port of Bushehr. Quadrat sampling 0/5/0 × 0/5 m² was random. Totally 12 species of macro-algas identified and the average biomass were arranged in summer; Phaeophyceae (258.6625 g/m2) the highest biomass and Chlorophyceae the lowest biomass and in winter had Chlorophyceae (564.875 g/m2) the highest biomass and Rhodophyceae (191.8 g/m2) the lowest biomass. The result that was obtained by one way ANOVA, determined that the most abundance of macro-alga was in sub littoral zone. Compute test (Mann- Whitney) didn’t show the importance of biomass between mid littoral and sub littoral zones in two seasons. The results show 6 common species that in summer and winter were observed species of Rhodophyceae: muscoides Acanthophora – Laurensia papillosa - Gracilaria corticata and 2 species Phaeophyceae: Cystoseira sp. and Padina sp. and one species of Chlorophyceae: Caulerpa sp.In addition the average of biomass computing in mid and low intertidal zones in studying within two seasons identified in both seasons that the highest average of biomass (953.1 g/m2) belongs to padina sp in third station in summer and lowest average of biomass (0. 5 g/m2) belongs to champia parvula in second station in winter.

Productivity of Iranian electric industry with environmental criterion is measured in this study. Adjusted total factor productivity growth rate using Malmquist Index are calculated for 1981-2005. The result indicates that including the pollution abatement activities has a measurable effect on the productivity. Comparison of the productivity shows that the mean productivity with and without environmental criterion were 0.971 and 1.025, respectively. Statistical comparison of the mentioned productivity using Mann-Whitney test reveals that this difference is significant. So it is necessary to use environmental criteria for measuring efficiency and productivity in pollutant industries.

Background and The aim of this study is to provide cropping pattern with different objectives to maximize the private and social benefits is separately in the city of Marvdasht. To determine the optimal cropping pattern mathematical programming models was used. This study was collected the part of data such as yield, price and cost of production of crops and inputs to produce these products in hectare using two-stage cluster analysis method from 97 questionnaire. The results showed the total cultivation area in this case relative to the total current cultivated area was unchanged. But in this model products such as irrigated wheat, dry land wheat, corn, watermelon, cucumber, onion, beans and irrigated lentils removed from the pattern and irrigated barley, melons and onions (with 33193, 1477 and 43126 ha) were planted into a pattern. Also tomato cultivation increased 93 hectares. The results showed social benefits and gross margin in this model relative to current model increased 1627170000000 and 1482915224150 IR. Rials respectively.

This Study was conducted from 21 December 2012 to 20 December 2013 with purpose of investigating the Environmental Implications of the Foolad Jafari industrial Estate within the Construction process. The Construction Project of Foolad Jafari industrial area pursues the Goal of producing spongy Iron and Steel in the Mountaneous zone in middle Komazan which is a part of Malayer. This industrial Estate Measures 96/8 hec. In this study we first identified the current status of environment considering physicochemical, biological and socioeconomic and cultural environment. To do so, we specified the depth and the area under investigation and then we took samples of air, soil and water. The study of environmental impacts from this structural phase on biological environment was also carried out till 13/25 km from R1 in fact till Lashgardar conservative area. The recognition of the economical, social and cultural features as well as the expert visit of the economical and social traits of the project was done on the basis of the result of the primary census on November of 2006. To conform to the suggestive land-use to physical and ecological capability of environment we had studied the evaluation of ecological capability via systematic Method and also we used Multi Criteria Model for Evaluation of Ecological Iran's Capability by Arc GIS on the Scale of 1/10000. To reach the Industrial development the results of this study showed that: 8/6 percent of this area has the first rank's capability (very suitable), about 75 percent of R1 has the second rank capability (Appropriate) and about 16/4 percent has third rank capability (UN Appropriate). The Study of Foolad Jafari Industrial Estate Environmental impacts were done via AHP Method. At first we prioritized the most important pollutants based on the state of environment and also we prioritized the impacts of Structural process on each parameter to determine the priority of structural phase's environmental effects. During the execution of the project we classified the measured pollutants which exceed the standard level on the basis of two main criteria: The effect on Natural Environment and Health and Security. In the following stages we prioritized parameters and based on Hierarchical Method. In this study we used the method via using expert choice software to weigh and prioritize the environmental factors. The results of this study had shown two points: The negative effect on natural environment with 0/750 weight in comparison with negative effect on built environment with 0/250 weight is more important in determining the significant impact of Foolad Jafari industrial Estate Stability. Considering the distance from crowd centers with site place, we can neglect the impacts from gaseous pollutants and Noise pollutant Emissions on native people's health. However the Effect on Natural Environment is more important in Comparison with built Environment. In the Natural Environment the Effect on Physicochemical Environment with 0/667 Weight has higher value in comparison with Biological Environment.

Participation is a process that involves all people and groups actively. Participation by Abhouf and Cohen means decision-making, implementation, evaluation, since the division of profits. Based on the theory of H.C.Tree, all people are sharing in the profits. The aim of this research is investigation of barriers of public participation in environment by SWOT and presents some suggestions for promoting environment. This research is descriptive survey and the questionnaire was used to gather information The population of the study area limits 4 (Neighborhood S. Smiley, Davoudieh), of Section 5 (Darrus neighborhood, Gohak) and the District 6 (Neighborhood cassock and Tavusiyeh) Tehran to 3,800 people. Sample size and sampling method, 380 cluster is estimated based on the theories of Weber's conceptual framework, Humez, Lerner, Guy, drama, Uccle and Marsiden and Parsons organize and design. Study the relationship between gender, employment status, marital status, education, satisfaction with municipal services, membership in social organizations and social barriers to the participation of citizens is examined. To test the hypothesis test is a sample of the T test is organized. The results of the bivariate analysis revealed a significant association between these variables other than social participation. The results of multivariate analysis showed that the independent variables explain the dependent variables have different variables.

Iran is located in one of the driest land regions of the world, where water is a limiting factor for lasting life, therefore using seasonal floodwaters is very important in arid and semi arid regions. On the other hand special attention has been paid to artificial groundwater recharge in these regions. Floodwater spreading on the permeable terrain is one of the flooding control way and utilization methods. Determination of appropriate site for water spreading is one of the most important stages of this project. Parameters considered in the selection of groundwater artificial recharge locations are diverse and complex. These factors consist of earth sciences (geology, geomorphology and soils), hydrology (runoff, sediment yield, infiltration and groundwater conditions) and socio-economic aspects (irrigated agriculture, flood damage mitigation, environment, job creation and so on). Hence, decision making depends on criteria of diverse nature. The goal of this study is defining a Decision Support System for floodwater site selection in Mashkid area. Four main criteria were selected in this research are floodwater characters, infiltration, water application and flood damage. In order to determining the importance of factors, Analytical hierarchy Process and GIS was used. It will be expected that soil texture and floodwater volume of water application and floodwater main criteria are two important factors among other criteria (Hypothesis). After providing output maps which had been defined in several scenarios to determine the best locations for floodwater spreading and finally investigates sums suitability and averages suitability of each sub basin.

Indicators of sustainability as an efficient tool to help decision-makers and policy-makers to make better decisions and work more effectively towards sustainable development, so far, efforts at the global level and national level to develop appropriate sustainability, comprehensive and effective indicators carried out and this process has not stopped yet and will continue. September 2015 coincided with the adoption of sustainable development goals SDGs that will replace the Millennium Development Goals MDGs. Sustainable Development Goals offer exhaustive set of Goals and targets which will be also includes comprehensive indicators.Method of study: This study is an overview of the most important sustainability indicators from past up to present (including CSD, MDGs, EPI& SDGs), and it pointed out paying attention to the importance of sustainability indicators and use them correctly by the decision makers. In this study the formation and changes of some set of sustainability indicators mentioned in details and the concept of the rank and score of environmental performance indicators discussed and analyzed.Reviewing the changes of sustainability indices can guide decision-makers in making better use of the implications for effective policy making. Indicators of sustainable development goals SDGs will be as tools for monitoring and leading countries towards sustainable development for the period 2015 -2030 so this opportunity can offer proper model to assessing sustainability in national level.

all steps of a mining project generally disturb the environment’s original condition during execution. Therefore from exploration until end of the exploitation and after mining closure, there should be an exhaustive applied reclamation plan of the mined land. Planting the suitable plant species in each step of any reclamation plan in this area is the goal of this research. In all type of post mining land use such as Agriculture, Pasture, Forestry, Tourist attraction, Wild life creation, selection and planting the appropriate plant species are the most essential requirements to implement a successful mined land reclamation plan. The Research methodology is selecting the plant species that is carried out on the basis of the primary factors which include type of Post mining land use, Climate, Nature­ of soil. The priority is defined between the selected species, based on of the secondary factors (Perspective of the region, resistance against disease and insects, strength and method of growth, availability to plant Species, Economic efficiency, Protection of soil and storing water, prevention from pollution) by a MCDM model. This model is implemented by FUZZY TOPSIS method. The mentioned procedure was applied in the Sungun Copper Mine in Iran. Decision making was executed on the basis of oral judgments and experts group opinions in the case study.Risults and Discution: The results have been consisted of maple, Ash, Barberry, Paliurus Spina –Christi, Oak, and Sloe respectively. All species are native. In parts that ground is damaged and also waste dump sites, are used Maple and Paliurus Spina –Christi and Sloe are stabilizers and compatible till field is prepared for planting residuary of plants.

Introdouction: KINFIL rainfall-runoff model has been used for the reconstruction of the rainfall runoff events in agricultural land use. The implementation of the KINFIL model supported by GIS proved to be a proper method for the flood runoff assessment on Sepidroud catchments (north of Iran), during different scenarios of the rainfall events. The results show when the observed discharge peak was 2.25 m**3/s, the computed discharge by the KINFIL model predicted 2.4 m**3/s (about 7% errors) and when the observed discharge peak was 1.9 m**3/s, the computed discharge by the KINFIL model predicted 1.8 m**3/s (about 5% errors). Also, the KINFIL model may be used for the catchment management, including the investigation of deforestation on predict flood runoff assessment with a significant precision. The results showed when deforestation reaches 10% of total primitive areas in Sepidroud basin, the runoff-peak may increase more than 14.5 times

Uncontrolled urban development on one hand and changes in the pattern of consumption on the other hand has faced human with unexpected environmental pollution. Un-doubtfully waste production is among the very significant sources of environmental pollution which is created by man. Therefore, modern solid waste management is necessary to overcome the created problem. Such management should carefully consider various aspects of waste generation, storage, collection, transportation, recovery, recycling and final disposal. Among these costs the highest costs of waste management belongs to transportation. This includes both collections from residential areas and transporting to transfer stations and finally transporting to the landfill. In the present investigation, municipality Yazd city is selected to examine cost of transporting using the WAGS software. The results show that the highest percentages of total transportation cost is allocated to the wages of personnel (almost 51%). The other components such as vehicles, repairs, full and others have a share of 39, 4, 2 and 1% of the total cost of collection and transportation of solid wastes.The overall expenditures of waste collection is about 176700 million Rails that is indicative of need for additional investment equal to 151497 million Rails to the year 2022.At present the cost of collection and transportation of wastes to the transfer station is about 260 Rails/Kg. This amount encompasses all personnel, vehicle, fuel and other associated costs. It is estimated that above mentioned cost will increase from 260 to 210 Rails/Kg in the year 2022.At present each family has to pay 67570 Rails/year as a cost of collection.

dramatic effect on poor and it has marginalized people all over the world, reinforcing existing vulnerabilities and deepening inequalities. The populations, whose rights are poorly protected, are likely to be less equipped to adapt to climate change effects.Climate change and human rights are further intertwined because of the potential climate change and it exacerbates existing threats to International human right laws. Also it is well placed to address that challenge and highlights some of the human and equity dimensions of climate change. The introduction provides an overview of human rights concerns raised by climate change. Method is aLegal analysis and descriptive manner. Many of the content of the documents describe the content of human rights and the UN Security Council. This Paper lays out some of the legal questions that are implicated in the emerging debate on climate change and human rights and suggests ways which international human right laws could be approached in order to promote clarity in the discourse of human rights and climate change. In this work some strategies have been proposed for dealing with these existing gaps. It is expected that analyzing these gaps and determining the international community duties and commitments (governments and international organizations) can result an efficient management of this crisis and prevent the outbreak of chaos across the globe

E-learning has become one of the most convenient ways of learning. On the other hand, environmental issues are of the most important subjects that must be taught to students. This study examined the possibility of using e-learning based on two factors: environmental awareness and interest in high school students of Tehran. The population of research consists all of the students of Tehran’s high schools during 2009-2010 educational years. As there are 19 educational zones in Tehran, 3 zones were selected by stratified- random sampling. Then in each zone one boy’s and one girl’s school was selected randomly.Six schools were selected with sample size of 382 students in total. Questionnaires’ design was based on the goal of the research. The questionnaire included household information and questions related to their interest in the use of e-learning and interest and environmental awareness in high school students of Tehran. Reliability of the questionaries’ examined by Cronbache`s alpha and result was 0.78 which indicate that reliable questionaries’ is designed.Results achieved by 99% of confidence level and it can be claimed that:1- It is highly possible to use e-Learning for environmental subjects for high school students of Tehran.2-Tehran’s high school student’s level of interest on environmental issues is moderate to high.3-Tehran’s high school student’s level of awareness on environmental issues is low to moderate.Keywords