مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 41، پاییز 1394)

Aim and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is a rare, potentially fatal, consequence of antipsychotic drugs specially traditional or typical ones.NMS is very rare with use of Clozapine. It is useful to change antipsychotic drugs to Clozapine in management of NMS.Methods and Materials: The patient was a 42 year old man who has been diagnosed as chronic refractory schizophrenia from 20 years ago. He has been well maintained on Clozapine for last 2 years. He has been diagnosed NMS after discontinuing Clozapine. After the good management of NMS, Clozapine was administered. Acute symptoms of schizophrenia were controlled after starting Clozapine. NMS is the rare side effect of use of antipsychotic drugs. But Clozapine is an antipsychotic that may induce NMS after its withdrawal. Also, Clozapine is only antipsychotic drug that useful in management of NMS.

Aim and : Self-efficacy is an important research in students with learning disability. Because of multiple failures of children with nonverbal learning disability, they have low self-esteem and missed their abilities, so the aim of the present study was to explore the effect of study of miniature on self-efficacy of children with nonverbal learning disability (NLD).Methods and Materials: This is an experimental study (pre-test, post-test) with the control group which was conducted during 2 months. 20 children (10 boys and 10 girls) with NLD were selected from 60 children in Peyvand psychological clinic and Yousef Abad center and randomly was implementing in experimental and control groups. The average age of the girls in the experimental group was 10/33 and in the control group was 9/30 and the average of age of boys in the experimental group was 9 and in the control group was 10. The experimental group took part in ten sessions of miniature with 45-60 min, while the control group was put on a waiting list. Both groups received the Sherer self-efficacy test tow times (pre-test and post-test) during 4 weeks. Sherer test is a valid and relaibale questionnaire with 17 items likert scale (Coronbach alpha coefficient for farsi version =0.79). Findings of this study were analysed by ANCOVA based on repeated measure using SPSS version 20. The results revealed that Persian miniature had a significant effect on self-efficacy (P≤0.05).Conclusions The findings of this study showed that simplify and enhance of paintings were effective in raising of self-efficacy of children with learning disabilities, so it could be a good technique for NLD children and suggested for them. Further studies with control group and greater sample size are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of art therapy for NLD clients.

Aim and Correct diagnostic of bipolar disorders by psychologists requires a high level of proficiency and experience. Moreover, in many cases, similar symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis which can worsen the disease. The purpose of this research work is design of an automatic system for effective diagnosis of this disease using brain signals. Such a system can be used as an auxiliary system for the psychologists.Methods and Materials: This study is done on 12 subjects with bipolar disorders and 12 healthy subjects. Signals from sixteen EEG electrodes are recorded according to the standard 10-20 system. Based on the other studies, we use signals from the channels located at F3, F4, P3, P4, T3, T4, O1 and O2 area. A set of features including the total signal power, frequency bands power, center frequency, maximum frequency, AR coefficients and Hjorth descriptors are extracted from the signals. The classification task (healthy/bipolar disorders) is then performed using the back propagation and Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network classifiers. Our investigations show that among the adopted features, the maximum frequency, theta power, activity and AR coefficients are suitable references for separating the healthy subjects from the diseased ones. Also, the back propagation neural network outperforms the RBF one. In the proposed automatic detection process, the radial basis function neural network classifier leads to a correct diagnosis rate of more than 87%. The back propagation neural network classifier has a correct diagnosis rate of more than 94%. These results confirm that the proposed system can be considered as an auxiliary tool for detecting the bipolar disorders.

Aim and Infidelity is a damaging Problem in couples Relationships That routed in different factors, But don’t exist no modeling for Its Explanation. This study investigated the infidelity structural equation model based on attachment styles, personality dimensions, and marital satisfaction was conducted.Methods and Materials: His study implements correlational design. For this purpose, 270 students were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. Then, they completed the infidelity scale, attachment styles, personality dimensions and marital satisfaction questionnaires. The data was analyzed by using structural equation modeling with SPSS 18 and AMOS 18. The final model that also showed a good fit to the data indicated that secure attachment through the satisfaction had a significant negative effect on infidelity (effect indirect = 0.09, P < 0.01). Avoidant attachment style is also mediated by the satisfaction have effect on infidelity (indirect effect = 0.10, P < 0.01). Indirect effect of neuroticism (indirect effect = 0.14, P < 0.01) and extraversion (indirect effect = 0.08, P < 0.01) by mediatory role of satisfaction was positive. Agreeableness (indirect effect = 0.07, P < 0.05) and accountability (indirect effect = 0.08, P < 0.01) through satisfaction could also have a significant negative effect on the infidelity. Also Neuroticism (direct effect = 0.22, P < 0.01), extroversion (direct effect = 0.23, P < 0.01), the desire to experience (direct effect = 0.16, P < 0.01) is directly and positively, and responsibility as directly and negatively (direct effect = -0.16, P < 0.01) were effective against infidelity. The results of this study showed that attachment styles, personality dimensions and marital satisfaction are important in the marital infidelity. Therefore these Results can be used in prevention, Etiology and Therapy of Infidelity.

Aim and Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric condition that is associated with considerable psychosocial impairment. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of a Persian version of Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) in the male and female students.Methods and Materials: This study was of a correlational type. The participants were 831 students (234 boys and 597 girls) selected through a multistage-cluster random sampling among the students in elementary, middle and high school in the city of Najaf Abad. The three scales administrated in this study were: Obsessive Compulsive Inventory–Child Version (OCI-CV), Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI).A cronbach’s and test-retest reliability was calculated to examine the reliability of the OCI-CV inventory And to check the validity of the method convergent validity, divergent validity and confirmatory factor analysis was used. The calculated α for the OCI-CV inventory was 0.73, 0.67, 0.5, 0.71, 0.69 and 0.72 for Checking, Obsessing, Hoarding, Washing, Ordering and Neutralizing dimensions respectively and 0.85 for the whole questionnaire. The validity of the inventory was also examined through correlating it to the Anxiety Scale for Children and Children’s Depression Inventory given the values of 0.52 and 0.26. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the six-factor structure. The Persian version of the OCI-CV seems satisfactory for measuring Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder symptoms in non-clinical children samples. Future research is, however, needed to confirm these data in a sample of OCD patients.

Aim and the aim of this study was to evaluate effectiveness of schema therapy in reducing symptoms and adjusting early maladaptive schemas in patients with bipolar disorder. The purpose was to identify patient’s maladaptive schemas and attempt to modify or change them.Methods and Materials: Subjects included 30 patients, 10 men and 20 women that were chosen by convenience sampling from visitors of Nour Medical Center, two mental health clinics in Isfahan and Baran ‘e’ Mehr counselling center in Shahin Shahr. They were diagnosed with bipolar disorder (type I or II) by a psychiatrist using DSM-IV-TR and receiving medical treatment, were randomly put in two groups. Test group received medical treatment with schema therapy and the control group received only medical treatment. Young mania rating scale (YMRS), bipolar depression rating scale (BDRS) and Young schema questionnaire (YSQ3) were used before and after treatment. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and covariance using SPSS 18.0. Controlling the covariate variable, differences between two groups after the intervention were significant for all three variables of symptoms of mania and depression and early maladaptive schemas (P<0.01). schema therapy as an adjuvant psychological treatment with medication can be effective in reducing symptoms and adjusting the early maladaptive schemas in patients with bipolar disorder, therefore providing regular protocols for schema therapy and adding it to medical treatment is suggested.

Aim and Insomnia disorder is a common sleep disorder in which one is unable in sleep onset or its maintenance or continuity. So Current work aims to investigate cognitive behavioral therapy on insomnia disorder treatment.Methods and Materials: Through random sampling 20 individuals with insomnia disorder selected among patients who referred to psychiatrists with complaints of insomnia symptoms in Isfahan, Iran. Farsi versions of Peterborough sleep quality index (PSQI) (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index) and insomnia severity index (ISI) were used to assess sleep quality and insomnia severity as primary and secondary outcomes after a course of 9 weeks cognitive behavioral therapy. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 18 was used for analyzing the data. Covariance analysis was used in this work. Analysis of covariance showed that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective by 65.7 percent in reduction of ISI tests scores and by 84.7 percent in improvement of sleep quality in PSQI questionnaire, and this which is significantly due to effect of group membership in case group. Participants reported improvement of duration and sleep.They also reported more freshness at morning, less distress about and better coping with insomnia. Assuming that one’s automatic thoughts influence insomnia, this disorder can be treated by changing these thoughts and cognitive behavioral therapy was effective in this regards. Further studies are warranted to investigate the efficacy of CBTFI on other formats of sleep disorders.

Aim and Indeed, Family caregivers of mental patients are the backbone of the Health - therapeutic care systems. To care patients with mental disorders is responsible for family members to have a lot of stress. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of group psycho educational interventions on depression, anxiety and burden experienced (stress) in families of patients with mood disorders.Methods and Materials: This research was a semi-experimental study with control group and random assignment. In this study, the experimental group composed 6 subjects and control group 9 subjects. All participants were family members of patients with mood disorders who were hospitalized in 1390 at the Psychiatric Hospital Ibn Sina. Subjects completed family burden interview scale, Beck depression inventory, Beck anxiety inventory. Experimental group attend in 12 sessions of group psycho educational interventions, but the control group received no intervention at this time. Analysis of covariance was used for statistical analyses. The findings showed that both groups are different significantly in terms of depression, anxiety and burden. These findings indicated that group psycho educational interventions can decrease levels of burden, anxiety and depression.

Aim and Duo to multiple roles of women in female-headed families such as workout in addition to duties related to the house-holding, and parenting, their psychological statuses play the significant role in family function and parenting. The high level of depression in these women, showed a need for etiological, preventive, and interventional studies. The aim of present study was to determine the effectiveness of solution – focused brief therapy on reducing depression in head-family women under protection of state welfare organization of Iran.Methods and Materials: The thirty women were screened based on acquiring scores upper than median on Beck depression Inventory, who found to be suffering depression symptoms. Sample group were selected by simple random sampling assigned into the intervention and control groups. With a pre-test and post-test control group design, subjects in the experimental group, undergone 8 weekly sessions of solution – focused brief therapy training. Both groups were evaluated using BDI-II scale in pre-test and post-test, data analyzed with ANCOVA using SPSS version 19. findings show that there were not significant differences between two groups in pretest, but solution – focused brief therapy training, significantly decrease depression scores in experimental group (P < 0.001). solution – focused brief therapy, could be intervention program in target groups and general population in therapeutic settings for women depression

Aim and The aim of this study was efficacy of the Cognitive and Aversion therapy on the treatment Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Methods and Materials: This study is experimental expanded with multiple group pre-test, post-test. The statistical population of this study are included all patients with OCD, Referred to clinical centers, hospitals and private clinics and counseling centers in Saghez and Boukan city with age range 40-20 years. The statistical sample of this study is included 45 patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Who were simple randomly selected. Cognitive therapy was administered for the first experimental group and the second experimental group aversion therapy and the control group received no treatment. For data gathering was used the questionnaire subscales Madsly for OCD. For data analysis, was used test multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in the experimental and control groups that used of spss software vers. showed that cognitive and aversion therapy then the control group has a significant impact on the improvement of obsession, check out, washing, slowness and obsessive doubts. in 21.Conclusions The results showed that Whittal cognitive therapy compared with Aversion therapy more impact on the reduction of obsessions.

Patients with Breast cancer suffered from many psychological problems which affect their quality of life. Therefore, this study was performed to predict the role of psychological, medical and demographic factors, on quality of life in patients with breast cancer. This Cross sectional study was a descriptive-analytic one conducted in 341 breast cancer patients with simple sampling methodology. Data collection instrument included a questionnaire contains 3 parts (demographic information, general health questionnaire 28 questions (GHQ-28) and standard SF-36 questionnaire). The data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (One way Analysis of Variance, Student t-Test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and Multiple linear regressions), with applying SPSSv20 software. Based on study findings, the majority of subject's quality of life (51.00%) was moderate in the field of mental health, average score of Social Functioning disorders was 9.7±4.30 which was more than other mental health aspects, so this aspect had the greatest effect on breast cancer patients.Results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between quality of life and mental health, fatigue, the number of chemotherapy sessions and education status among breast cancer patients. The results of regression analysis indicated that the mental health, fatigue, the number of chemotherapy sessions and education status explained totally 41.0% of the variance of patient's quality of life (R2= 41.0) According to the results obtained, quality of life of patients with breast cancer is predicable according to the mental health, fatigue, the number of chemotherapy sessions and education status

Aim and This study aimed to investigate the effects of laughter therapy and treatment methods were based solution focused therapy compared these two treatments in reducing depressive symptoms were female students. Due to the significant increase in short-term treatment of depression in adolescence may be effective treatment approaches for intervention.Methods and Materials: The intervention study pretest - posttest control group. The population of all high school girls that make up the city Ivan cluster sampling of schools was selected from a school. Screening students for depression Beck Depression Inventory were used. A total of 30 students who qualify in three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) were inserted randomly. Two groups, laughter therapy and solution focused therapy and the control group received no intervention received data entered in the software. The data entered spss.22 and by analysis of variance and post hoc test were analyzed Bonferroni (p<0.001). Based on the results, laughter therapy and solution-focused therapy is in reducing depressive symptoms (p<0.001). Laughter therapy is also effective in reducing symptoms of depression are more solution-focused therapy (p<0.001). Despite the laughter therapy efficacy in reducing symptoms of depression and solution-focused therapy, laughter therapy due to rapid changes in physiological parameters effective solution focused therapy.

Aim and The current research was evaluated the effectiveness of basic facial emotional expression’s training on recognition of basic emotions in high function autistic children. Methods and Materials: The method was quasi-experimental and used pre-test and post-test design. The target samples were five 5-8 high functioning autistic children who were selected from a clinic of autistic children according to DSM-IV-TR criterions. The training included 3 times a week, twelve 20 minutes sessions that trained six basic emotional expressions. The results show improvement in performance of participants in recognizing basic emotions. The training improved participant’s recognition of emotions especially emotions of happiness, sadness and anger but not about hate and fear. Thus it is recommended to use emotion’s training as a part of autistic children’s program.:

Aim and The studies show verbal and visual-spatial working memory deficits in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of this research was to investigate working memory deficits in children with ADHD. Methods and Materials: The design of this research was ex post facto. Therefore, 60 children in 2nd grade elementary (30 with and 30 without ADHD) were selected through simple random sampling. The instruments were Conner’s parental questionnaire, Clinical Interview, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for assessing verbal working memory and Corsi Blocks Task for assessing visual-spatial working memory. Data were analyzed using spss-20 software by ANOVA method. The results showed that there is a significant difference between ADHD and normal children in terms of verbal and visual-spatial working memory (P≤0.001). Children with ADHD had lower performance in these components. Also, Means of working memory in ADHD group was lower than normal group. Children with ADHD had deficits in visual-spatial and verbal working memory. Therapists and counselors recommended to pay attention to this important matter and use training based on components of working memory in children with ADHD. For examples, activities including memorizing some number and word, memorizing Short poems for children can do in these children.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder comprised of deficits in communication and social skills and the occurring of rituals and stereotypies. The purpose of this study was to assess effectiveness of Directed interaction between Students with high-functioning autism with peers and teachers in ordinary schools on reduction of the impairment in social skills, communication skills and stereotypical behavior of these students. During a single subject design By Mark A-B Along with the 3-months follow-up, Three Participants (one child and two adolescences) selected through convenient sampling among 16 student of Esfahan Autism Center. These students went to school with Coach. GARS test was used for measurement of effectiveness of Intervention. Wineland Social Maturity Scale, Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic test, and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbid test was used for description of Participants. Intervention was performed 14 weeks in one elementary school, one secondary school and one vocational school. Data analysis using 3 effective sizes Consists of percentage of non-overlapping data as the main effects, Percent recovery, and percentage scores decreased as Minor effect size. Visual analysis that using Excel and paint software charts, Showed that percentage of non-overlapping data For social communication 3 participants was 0/75, 0/75, 0/50 and 0/100, 0/100. 0/75 for Social Skills defect and 0/25,0/50 and 0/0 for stereotypical behavior. It seems that Directed interaction between Autism's student with peers and teachers in ordinary schools is effective on reducing the impairment of social skills and communication skills. It is recommended that further research to be conducted using the observation method to assess the effectiveness of directed interaction for autistic students.

Aim and Romantic relationships among adolescences serve as social developmental duty, might be normal or abnormal regarding on cultural context. The aim of the present research was to investigate the frequency, attitude and demographic correlates of heterosexual relationships among Tabriz payam noor university students.Methods and Materials: The current study was conducted in survey context. A group of 444 normal participants took part in research. Results indicated that 47/3% of cases had heterosexual friendships, with more incidences among males. Attitudes of male were more positive than females. Students that evaluated them as low on religious beliefs acquired more positive attitudes in order to heterosexual relationships. There are positive relation between using internet/satellite on free time and heterosexual friendships. Student believed that experiencing heterosexual friendships affected marriage low or moderately. They believed that same relations have moderate or more negative psychological affect and little positive psychological affects. According to students, girls experience more affective outcomes than boys in ending heterosexual friendships. Results were discussed in light of previous researches and cultural variations in heterosexual relationships.