مجله فیض
سال نوزدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 84، آذر و دی 1394)

One of the main symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as an anxiety disorder, is a disability to forget the traumatic event. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of estradiol on different stages of conditioned fear memory extinction in PTSD. For PTSD induction, combination of Shock and Single Prolonged Stress model (S+SPS) was used. In order to assess conditioned fear memory extinction, 7 days after PTSD induction, animals were placed back into the shock chamber for 9 minutes without receiving any electric shock and their freezing behavior was measured in this time (3 sections, each section 3 min). The first test is an index of extinction learning. The second test, as same as the first one, was performed one day after the first test. During the second test, retrieval and reconsolidation of memory extinction were occurred. Estradiol injection (90, 180 and 360 mg/kg) in treated groups or vehicle injection (the control group) was done half an hour before the tests. Results showed that estradiol administration, at the dose of 180 mg/kg, significantly decreased the freezing behaviors in all three sections of the two tests. Estradiol has a dose-dependent effect on acquisition, retrieval and consolidation of fear memory extinction in PTSD animals. Subcutaneous injection of 180mg/kg estradiol can enhance all three phases, acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of fear memory extinction.

An increase in the level of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and metabolic profile are associated with increased cardiovascular diseases and are common in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to examine the interactive effect of aerobic training and resveratrol supplementation on CRP and metabolic profiles in women with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-seven women with type 2 diabetes­ (mean age of 27.9 years old, the fat percentage of 35.7% and BMI 28.3 kg.m2) were randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic training, aerobic exercise with supplements, and control. The first and second experimental groups performed aerobic exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, with 60%-75% of maximum heart rate in each session for 40-50 minutes. The second group in addition to aerobic exercise received 400 mL of resveratrol supplement daily for 60 days. Changes in the indices, ­including CRP, LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting blood glucose, atherogenic index, total cholesterol, triglycerides and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) were measured before and 48 hours after the last session. No significant reduction was found in the mean CRP level in the second group (P=0.123). Also, combination of resveratrol supplement and aerobic training significantly reduced fasting blood glucose­ (P=0.008), LDL-C (P=0.002), and atherogenic index­ (P=0.001), and significantly increased HDL-C­ (P=0.03), while it had no significant effect on total cholesterol ­(P=0.25), triglycerides ­(P=0.88) and risk of CHD ­(P= 0.14). Aerobic exercise along with resveratrol supplement seems to be a useful method for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases and improving health in women with type 2 diabetes.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world in which markers such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) are considered important prognostic markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a six-week swimming training program combined with Aloe vera extract on HER-2, ER and PR in mice with breast cancer. The adenocarcinoma tumor implants through surgery in subcutaneously into 35 BALB/c mice and after a week they were divided into five groups: 1-training, 2- extract, 3-training+extract, 4- control (cancer) and 5- healthy control (without training or extract). Training groups performed a swimming training program for six weeks (10-60 minutes swimming, 3 days per week). Blood samples were taken 48 hours after the last bout to be analyzed for serum levels of HER-2, ER and PR. The results of the present study showed that the induction of adenocarcinoma caused a significant increase in serum levels of HER-2, ER and PR. Moreover, the training program and Aloe vera extract significantly decreased serum levels of HER-2, ER and PR compared to the control group. These findings are promising regarding the probable potential of both interventions to reduce serum levels of these tumor markers however, it needs to be validated by further studies.

Developmental coordination disorders (DCD) is one of the most common disorders affecting children aged 5 to 8 years. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Spark motor program on sensory-motor functions in 5- to 7- year-old children with DCD in Mashhad city, Iran. This research is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and control group. From a total of 80 children with DCD in Mashhad city, 20 children were selected using screening tests and randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. To collect data, the DCD questionnaire, Denver developmental screening test II and Raven intelligence test were used. Moreover, to evaluate the dependent variable, the Canners neuropsychological assessment questionnaire was used. The experimental group received the Spark motor program for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, each session 45 minutes) and the control group did not receive any training. Results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in the pretest and posttest mean scores of variables between the control and experimental groups. Spark motor program can improve perceptual-motor functions in children with DCD. Hence, it is recommended to use these exercises in schools and nurseries to improve sensory-motor functions in children with DCD.

Most studies have shown that prolonged and intense exercise can result in oxidative damage to cells by producing reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, which can lead to chronic fatigue and inflammation and consequently decrease athletic performance. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of omega-3 supplements on inflammation caused by maximal aerobic exercise in active young females. In this clinical trial study, 30 female students were selected from faculty of physical education and sport sciences of Bu Ali Sina University in Hamedan city, Iran, after completing the consent and health forms and allocated into two groups (15 students each): the omega-3 and placebo. The supplement group received 3 capsules of omega-3 fatty acids (3000 mg) daily and the placebo group consumed 3 capsules of soybean oil daily for 2 weeks. The prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) serum levels were measured before and after supplementation and immediately after exercise until exhaustion. The results of the repeated measurements showed that the serum PGE2 levels, at rest and after intense exercise were reduced in the omega-3 group and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P&le0.001). According to the results of the present study, the omega-3 supplementation may be useful to prevent decreased athletic performance induced by inflammatory PGE2 effects in aerobic intense activity.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the physical rehabilitation exercise program on the vital capacity of 6- to 8-year-old children with scoliosis of degree I and II. In this semi-experimental study, a total of 165 primary school students who had scoliosis of degree I and II were randomly selected and allocated into the experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in rehabilitation exercises, but the control group did not receive any special training. Rehabilitation exercises consisted of sixteen sessions in 8 weeks, each session lasting 60 minutes and in each session, the children’s vital lung capacity was measured three times. The results showed that the rate of increase in the vital lung capacity in the experimental group was significantly more than that in the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the results showed that before and after rehabilitation exercises there was a significant difference in children’s vital capacity in the experimental group among children of three age groups (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was found in children’s vital capacity in the control group among children of three age groups (P<0.05). The results also showed that there was a significant difference in vital capacity between the experimental and control groups among children of three age groups (P<0.05). The rehabilitation program used in this study can have a desirable effect on vital capacity in children with scoliosis malformation. Therefore, this program can be recommended for cases with scoliosis of degree I and II.

Currently, due to the high prevalence of overweight, obesity and modernization of life, walking on a treadmill is welcomed instead of walking on the ground. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of treadmill and ground walking, on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage among inactive overweight women. In this semi-experimental study, 30 healthy, inactive, and overweight women volunteered to take part in this study. After performing a pre-test, the participants were randomly allocated into three equal groups (n=10): walking on a treadmill, walking on the ground, and control. The walking training program was performed three sessions per week for eight weeks with 60% to 85% of heart rate reserve. Before and after eight weeks, the VO2max was assessed by the Queen’s step test, BMI by dividing weight (kg) by the square of height and the body fat percentage was determined by measuring subcutaneous fat in three points with Skinfold calipers. The results showed a significant decrease in BMI in the two groups of walking on the treadmill and ground. Moreover, there was a significant difference in VO2max among the three groups. However, there was no significant difference in BMI and body fat percentage among the three groups. Since walking on the ground can improve VO2max, it can be more helpful to prevent obesity than walking on a treadmill.

Previous studies on the relation between birth weight and childhood asthma have had conflicting results. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of birth weight on asthma during the first three years of life. This cohort study was performed on 240 neonates in Kashan city between 2009 and 2013(during a period of four years). Subjects were allocated into two groups of low and normal birth weight and were then observed for having asthma over the next three years. Child’s asthma was evaluated by physical examination and, if possible, by using a peak flow meter. A total of 80 underweight and 134 normal weight children participated in this study. Twenty-one percent of children with low birth weight and 10.4% of children with normal birth weight were affected by asthma (P=0.03). The mean age of developing asthma was 21.53±7.66 months in the low birth weight group and 27.43±6.54 months in the normal weight group (P=0.03). After adjusting for the effect of confounding variables, a significant relationship was found between birth weight and developing asthma (P=0.04). The results of the present study reveal that low birth weight can be an independent risk factor for developing asthma during the first three years of life.

Sleep is one of the most important physiologic cycles. Nearly every metabolic disorder, especially diabetes mellitus, can affect the quality and quantity of sleep. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quality and quantity of sleep and diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, data of 3559 participants aged 20 to 70 years were collected from Yazd Health Study (YaHS) using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire and diabetes was defined by the fasting plasma glucose level. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis with SPSS software version 18. From a total of 3559 participants, 49.5% were males. Ten percent of males and 13.5% of females had diabetes. The mean age of participants was 45.0±2.31 years, the lowest rate of diabetes was in people aged between 20 and 29 years (1.7%), and the highest was in those aged 60 to 69 years (29.6%). The duration of sleep, number of nightmares, taking sleeping pills, number of unwanted waking-up (P&le0.0001) showed a statistically significant association with diabetes. The participants with the sleep duration of less than 6 and more than 10 hours per night had 7.49% and 12.44% chance of developing diabetes, respectively. Approximately, half of the participants had impaired quantity and quality of sleep and one-third of them had a chance of developing diabetes. According to the results of the study, it is important to improve the quantity and quality of sleep in order to prevent and control diabetes.

Hyperphosphatemia alone or in combination with hypercalcemia has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The present study aimed to review some of published articles about treatment of hyperphosphatemia among patients with CKD. To collect the current data, many articles were reviewed in a variety of sources such as PubMed, Scopus, Current Content, Embase, and IranMedex with keywords of "hyperphosphatemia" and "chronic kidney disease". Only articles published in English language, as full-text manuscripts, were included in this article. Common treatment of hyperphosphatemia among patients with CKD is dietary phosphate restriction and administration of phosphate binders to block absorption of ingested phosphate from the intestine. Phosphate restriction should primarily include unnecessary dietary phosphate (as many processed foods, colas, dairy products and certain vegetables). Phosphate-binding agents are categorized as calcium-containing phosphate binders (calcium carbonate and calcium acetate) and noncalcium-containing phosphate binders (sevelamer and lanthanum). All of phosphate-binding agents are effective in lowering serum phosphate however, noncalcium-containing phosphate binders are preferred among hypercalcemic patients, normocalcemic patients who also received vitamin D analogs, patients with vascular calcification and patients with adynamic bone disease. There is a concern about safety of calcium-containing binders for long-term use and these agents may be associated with hypercalcemia, vascular calcification and adynamic bone disease.

Amyloidosis is an uncommon disorder characterized by deposition of insoluble pathologic amyloid fibrils in different tissues and has two main forms: systemic and localized. Primary systemic amyloidosis, as the most common type of systemic amyloidosis, is a clonal plasma cell disorder and ischemic stroke has been sporadically reported as its complication. The patient was an 88-year-old man with reduced muscle force in his right side of the body, dysarthria on the morning of admission, and a history of skin lesions. Multiple ecchymotic skin lesions all over the body especially head and neck areas along with macroglossia were observed in skin and mucous membrane examination. Neurologic examination revealed hemiplegia of the right side and reduced but symmetric deep tendon reflexes, along with drowsiness and global aphasia. In brain computed tomography, extensive infarction of left cerebral hemisphere was observed and after skin biopsy, diagnosis of amyloidosis was confirmed. Due to massive infarction of one cerebral hemisphere and extensive skin lesions, the patient died ten days later. Extensive ischemic stroke may occur as a complication of primary systemic amyloidosis. Therefore, in every patient presenting with extensive ecchymotic skin lesions and stroke, this differential diagnosis should be considered. Moreover, the occurrence of ischemic stroke as the complication of primary systemic amyloidosis may lead to poor prognosis.