مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال هجدهم شماره 179 (هفته اول بهمن 1394)

Mastalgia is one of the most common breast problems. Due to the lack of studies on the etiology of mastalgia and unknown etiology of this disorder, this study was performed with aim to assess the relationship between depression and anxiety with the severity and length of cyclic mastalgia in women. This cross-sectional study was performed on 322 women aged 18-45 years old referred to Tabriz health and treatment centers in 2014-2015. The questionnaires of socio-demographic, Nominal Day Breast Pain (NDBP), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used for data collection. General linear model was used to estimate the effect of each of the independent variables (depression, anxiety and socio-demographic characteristics) on the dependent variable (severity of mastalgia). Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 21), and Pearson test, t-test and ANOVA. P According to the results of bivariate tests, there was a significant correlation between the length and severity of mastalgia with anxiety and depression (P<0.05). According to the general linear model, the scores of anxiety and depression were the predictors of length and severity of mastalgia. Anxiety and depression are of the effective factors on the severity and length of cyclic mastalgia, therefore, psychological and emotional support for reducing the level of anxiety and depression should be included in the treatment protocol in this regard.

Rapid increase in the rate of cesarean section (CS) according to severe complications of CS compared to vaginal delivery caused CS as one of the major concerns in women's health. Regarding to the high prevalence of CS in Birjand and the importance of reducing primary CS, this study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between fear of pain, fear of delivery and attitude toward CS with preferred mode of delivery among pregnant women referring to health and treatment centers in Birjand. This cross-sectional study was performed on 196 primiparous women referring to health and treatment centers of Birjand in 2013. Participants completed the questionnaires including demographic data and preferred mode of delivery, fear of pain, fear of delivery and attitude toward CS. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), and Fisher exact test, Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation coefficient tests. P 154 women (81.1%) had tendency to vaginal delivery and 104 (54.7%) had high fear of pain. 69 (37.3%) had very fear of delivery. 160 (85.5%) had negative and very negative attitude to CS. There was significant differences between the preferred mode of delivery and fear of pain (P=0.047), fear of delivery (P=0.012), and attitude toward CS (P=0.008). Also, significant difference was observed between the preferred mode of delivery and educational level of husband (P=0.017), family income (P=0.022), and interval between marriage and pregnancy (P=0.001). Regarding to the importance of attitude toward CS and fear of delivery and their impact on selecting mode of delivery and subsequently on maternal and neonatal health, interventions appears to be needed for modifying the attitudes and reducing fear of delivery in primiparous women in Birjand.

One of the psychosomatic problems which is associated with reproductive function and mood disorders is premenstrual syndrome. According to the theories of traditional medicine, person's temperament can determine physical, mental and emotional characteristics. Attitudes and mental status based on the theories of traditional medicine depends on person's temperament. This study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between warm and cold temperament with symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. This correlation and two groups (warm and cold temperament) study was performed on 65 students of the dormitory of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for 2 months in 2014. Sampling method was easy non-random sampling. The tools included the questionnaire of selecting research units, the questionnaire of individual and midwifery characteristics, and standard questionnaires of determining the type of temperament, temporary determining of premenstrual syndrome, Beck depression, and daily recording of premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Data analysis was done with SPSS software (version 22), and Chi-square, t-test, and Mann-Whitney tests. P Among physical symptoms, two groups of warm and cold temperament were significantly different in terms of bloating (P=0.001), dizziness (P=0.0001), hot flashes (P=0.001), nausea-diarrhea-constipation (P=0.04), and increased appetite (P=0.03). Among psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, two groups of warm and cold temperament were significantly different in terms of forgetfulness (P=0.001), irritability (P=0.04), over-sensitivity (P=0.01), and desire to loneliness (P=0.03). People with cold temperament who have premenstrual syndrome, the symptoms of syndrome is mostly in the form bloating, nausea-diarrhea-constipation, increased appetite, forgetfulness, irritability, desire to loneliness and in patients warm with temperament in the form of dizziness, flushing, and over-sensitivity.