فصلنامه علوم پیراپزشکی و توانبخشی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

The importance of perceptual skills development is in the lake or improvement in children’s motor function. The motor learning is the base of learning and higher mental processes created after the adequate development of motor and perceptual systems. This reason shows the importance of perpetual-motor impairment in learning deficits. According to the prevalence of learning disorder, this study was performed to evaluate the perceptual- motor skills in children with learning disorder.
This study was cross-sectional and case-control. The target group consisted of 38 children aged 7 to 9 years old studying in ordinary schools in city of Semnan who were diagnosed with learning disability as measured by the educational department. The control group consisted of 38 children without LD who were classmate with the LD group. For the evaluation of the bilateral coordination skills, the bilateral coordination subtest from the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency was employed. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS and Mann-withney software.
Statistical analysis showed that children with LD obtained lower scores in bilateral coordination subtest compared with normal children (P According to the results of this study, it seems that the overall performance of bilateral coordination in LD children is weaker than the children in the control group. Since the controllers of bilateral movement are the Motor cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia and according to the role of basal ganglia and frontal lobe (that is closely in association with the motor cortex) in memory and learning, it seems that we can improve memory and learning ability with improving bilateral coordination movements .

Chronic low back pain due to disc herniation is one of the common diseases in the community. In addition to the pain caused by this problem, which is a major complication, decreased and defective physical performance in daily living are other major concerns .The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of six weeks supine movement in water on pain and disability in men with Chronic Low Back Pain due to lumbar disc herniation.
24 patients with lumber disc herniation were selected, and were divided into two groups: experimental group (n=12, mean ± SD age, 47.75±3.28 years) and control group (n=12, mean ± SD age, 46.83±5.78 years). The experimental group performed 24 sessions of aquatic exercise four sessions per week, while control group did not participate in any exercise program. Data collected before and after the intervention and were analyzed by t student a significance levels of P≤0.05.
Pain and disability have been reduced significantly in the experimental (P=0.001) group. Also comparison between groups showed that disability rate also reduced significantly (P=0.001).
This study showed six weeks supine movement in water reduces the level of pain and functional disability in men with chronic back pain caused by lumber disc herniation.

Although cochlear implantation has been proven to cause considerable improvement in perceptive and expressive language of prelingually severe to profound hearing–impaired children, however, children with cochlear implant have grammar and vocabulary deficits depends on some factors such as diagnosis age, acoustic approval age, hearing age, rehabilitation onset and etc. The purpose of this study was to measure children's lexical diversity and syntactic complexity after cochlear implant in persian speaking children.
This study included 10 children with cochlear implant and 10 age- and gender-matched normal hearing children. In order to collect data, language samples of children were gathered via picture description. The first 50 utterances were analyzed to measure mean lentgh of utterances, number of different words, number of total words and type token ratio. Mean hearing age of participants was 67.7 months (SD=1.77) and we used independent T test for data analysis.
There was no significant difference in all measures between children with cochlear implants and hearing age peers (p>0.05).
Duration of hearing experience after CIs is an important factor for acquiring speech and language abilities. In other words, after 60 to72 months of implant experience, their lexical diversity and syntactic complexity were almost similar to chronological age scores of 60 to 72 months in normal hearing children.

Fast saccadic movements are essential in successful performance of referees and their decision making in sports events. The aim of this study is to determine the velocity of saccadic eye movements of basketball referees by dynamic electero-oculogram.
This study was performed on twelve male expert basketball referees and fourteen novice basketball referees with age range of 18 to 38 years. Refractive errors and visual acuity test were performed for all participants. Velocity of saccadic for the angle of 40 degrees (20 degrees to the right and 20 degrees to the left) was evaluated by dynamic electero-oculogram (EOG). Statistical comparison between groups for the velocity of saccadic eye movements was performed by independent T-test.
The mean velocity of saccadic eye movements (gaze to right and left) in expert referees was 743.43±60,732.00±40deg/sec and in novice referees was 669.64±87.1, 675.33±86 deg/sec, respectively, which the difference was statistically significant (P It seems that expert referees due to being more involved in dynamic exercise situation can predict better events based on environmental analysis and they have faster saccadic movements which may attributed to intensive practice and experience.

Stuttering is a motor speech disorder which is recognized by some signs such as repeating words and syllables, prolongation some phonemes and/or locking organs of speech while pronouncing some phonemes. People with stuttering seem to suffer some levels of social anxiety or social phobia and this may affect their quality of life. Therefore, recognizing this problem especially in people who stutter is very important. This paper aims to study several components of social anxiety test including fear, social avoidance behavior and physiological problems in 18 to 45 years people who stutter.
Using Conver social anxiety test, this cross-sectional analytic study compared social anxiety in 32 individuals with stuttering (age range: 18 to 45 years) and 32 age- and gender-matched subjects with fluent speech.
Independent t-test showed that average social anxiety score in people who stutter is statistically more than people with fluent speech. Moreover, among components of this test, mean score of fear was statistically different between two groups.
Results of this study showed higher rate of social anxiety, and particularly component of fear specially, in stuttered people compared to individuals without stuttering. So, it is necessary to consider this aspect of disorder in therapy programs performed by speech and language pathologists for the patients; and to denote a part of therapy programs to adjust and decrease rate of people's social anxiety, especially their fear-feeling in them.

Muscle weakness, pain, sensory impairment, limitation of motion are the most problem after breast cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to determine an effect of 8-weeks of yoga on a range of motion in the breast cancer women with mastectomy.
Twenty-four patients with breast cancer between age of 47 to 65 years were divided randomly into two groups: experimental and control groups. Experimental group performed yoga training 2 times a week for 8 weeks, while the control group did not perform any program. Range of motion of Shoulder is evaluated before and after 8 weeks with goniometer. In order to analyze the data, T-dependent and T-independent tests were performed. The significant level was set at P The results of this study showed significant improvement in rates of range of motion in flexion, extension, abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation in the experimental group (P0.05).
From the findings of the present study, we may conclude that yoga exercises increases upper extremity range of motion and ultimately improves shoulder function, therefore, exercising yoga is recommended for people with cancer.

Some of researchers define stuttering as a disorder in timing feature between acoustic elements and interruption in successful and simultaneous programming of speech muscles movements for a word production. One of the temporal variable is vowel duration. Vowel duration is a feature that demonstrates between nature of phonation differences in stutterers and nonstutterers. The aim of this study was to study and compare the vowel duration in stutterers and nonstutterers.
The present study was descriptive and analytic and 22 stutterers and 22 nonstutterers participated and were asked to read a text that contains three contexts cv, cvc, cvcc and 6 vowels. Afterward, its summary and fluent speech from three contexts were selected and recorded by praat software and duration of vowels was computed via spectrogram.
Independent t test showed that stuttering (P=0.21) and age (P=0.061) did not have significant effect on vowel duration. However these values were higher in stutterers than nonstutterers.
This study showed that stuttering does not influence the vowel duration.

Color vision is one of the most important and influential visual abilities. Due to technological advances and conveying information to the device, its importance will increase day by day. Some jobs such as, working in factories and industrial workshops, are more accurate and professional. For many industrial areas of commands, messages, alerts and also displays digital devices represent by different colors. The present study determines the effects of prolonged exposure to petroleum products and petrochemicals on the color vision.
The present study is conducted in the manufacturing of petroleum products and petrochemicals, over 418 male employees (age over 40 years of age), in the industrial and office sectors. They were divided into two groups: The exposed groups of 224 patients (54%) and the non-exposed groups of 194 patients (46%). The exclusion criteria contains individuals with congenital vision disorders, eye diseases (e.g. cataracts, glaucoma), corneal opacity, corneal dystrophy, internal diseases such as diabetes, blood pressure, nervous disorders (Parkinsons, Alzheimers), neurotoxin drugs consumer, monocular visual acuity less than 6/10 with best correction of refractive errors. First, a preliminary optometric examination involves determining visual acuity and refractive correction, if necessary, and then the color vision test was performed. The color vision testing, including Ishihara color vision 38 plates and LD-15 d.
Impairment of color vision was observed in 19% of people employed in the industrial sector (group with exposure to chemicals) and 6% of people working in the office (without exposure to chemical substances). The average color confusion index in the group with exposure to chemical was 1.12±0.16 and in the group without exposure to chemical was 1.03±0.07, which the difference was statistically significant.
The differences between groups in the color vision defects can be acquired the color vision disturbances, in individuals with exposure to petroleum and petrochemical than those without exposure confirms that exposure to chemicals, such as petrochemical products and petroleum products.

The superficial and cutaneous mycoses remain the major causes of infections that affect the skin, hair and nails. Due to environment pollution and lack of hygiene principles in deprived areas, the fungal infections are more prevalent. Hence, a retrospective study was performed to determine the prevalence of superficial and cutaneous fungal diseases in Neyshabur city.
This cross sectional study was performed between 2009-2014 and examined 1281 patients (627 (48.9%) male and 654 (51.1%) female) suspected to superficial and cutaneous mycoses. The diagnosis was performed by direct microscopic examination of wet mount with 15% KOH (potassium hydroxide) and methylene blue and Gram staining, and then the data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software.
From the total of 1281 suspected patients, 196 (13%) were affected by superficial and cutaneous mycoses. The frequency of each of the diseases included: dermatophytosis 74.5% (146 cases), onychomycosis 12.2% (24 cases), tinea versicolor 8.8% (17 cases), erythrasma 3.5% (7 cases), superficial candidiasis 1% (2 cases), respectively. In addition, the age range of 31-40 years (21.4%) had the highest prevalence.
This study showed the superficial and cutaneous mycoses particularly dermatophytosis (ringworm) is very popular in this area. The disease was more frequent in late May to late August and early September to late November. Therefore, epidemiological studies and exact diagnosis of skin mycoses may guide us to prevent and treat them effectively.

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms in people with MS and is an important factor in limiting the job related and social activities. Due to the lack of a comprehensive study on fatigue in MS in Iranian databases, the main aim of the present study was to present a comprehensive review of fatigue, its assessment, causes and treatment.
This study is a review literature on MS fatigue in national and international databases between 1989 and 2013.
Fatigue has a significant impact on the quality of life, social isolation and unemployment of the MS patients. MS related fatigue is affected by primary and secondary causes. Comprehensive evaluation of fatigue helps choose the most effective treatment strategy to overcome this overwhelming symptom. Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS), Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) and visual analogue scale for fatigue (VAS-F) are the most common tools to measure fatigue in people with MS. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are suggested for treatment of fatigue. Non-pharmacological strategies are including aerobics, energy conservation techniques and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Considering the importance of fatigue and its obvious impact on employment and quality of life of people with MS, a careful evaluation to plan appropriate treatment is necessary.