فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 34، زمستان 1394)

Ethics was discussed for many years in medical ethics through rules, theories, hypothesis and religious. There are some organs in Iran that working on ethics. Department of medical science is one of them that has his own instructions on ethics. This study aims to review some of the challengeable issues in medicine.
Department of ethics in Iranian academy of medical science discussed some of the challengeable issues on medical ethics between 2007 and 2008. Therefore, they codified comprehensive ethical instructions. The instructions consist of caesarean, abortion, superstitious actions, mediating in medicine, kidney transplant, plastic surgery and reconstructive surgery.

Today, media has a highlighted position in national, regional and international area. Along with development of media, legislation for media will be clearly necessary. There is no doubt that lows are necessary for providing regulations in society, but not enough. Experiences show that, more than laws, internal supervision is important.
A professional ethics code is one of the internal supervision. These codes that edited by media agents have key roles in achieving goals in media. In this study, the normal theories in media have been considered and codes of ethics in media in other countries have been considered. This study aims to provide codes of professional ethics in media.
Studies show that trust of audience to media agents is necessary. Managers and media agents know that how ethics is important in maintaining the trust. Then they use some strategies to control their activities. Therefore, providing codes of professional ethics in media is so necessary.

A factor of fading ethics in relationships is the loss of Human. This attitude makes him/her to seem insignificant being and, unconsciously, most of his legal and moral rights to be ignored. On the contrary, with regard to the position of Human, it would raise the sense of honor to him and would cause to be adhered ethical behavior towards him. Therefore, it is necessary to specify the truth of Human and his position with regard a visionary method, and to be considered its moral consequences in the behavior. This article aims to review the philosophical, mystical and religious humanology as theoretical foundation of professional ethics.
There is a significant relationship between attitude of anyone from Humanity and his treatment with the People. Due to the extraordinary talents and capacities of Human and his position in creation, besides of fixing the moral intelligence, it could raise a respectful and ethical behavior-oriented in individuals, on the other hand, it would support the motivation for training the bad behavior or immoral people. Although, for improving the human relations and especially observing the ethics in the business environment, it is better to consider this position, this can be seen with the intellect's eye (visionary and beyond the ethnology).

Paying attention to professional ethics and its outcomes is the most essential research subject in organizational areas. In this perspective, the aim of current study was to examine the role of ethical climate in organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intention.
this is a applicable research that it analyzes by correlation method. Population of study includes all technicians of Urmia Telecommunication Company. Among all, 132 subjects were selected randomly as research sample. The data were collected by using standard questionnaires of ethical climate, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover intention. Structural equations model was used to evaluate the relations among measured and latent variables in the conceptual model.
The results show that there are significant relationship between ethical climate, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Also, the relationship between ethical climate and turnover intention is significant and negative. The pair wise correlation is swings from -.16 to -.65. It can be said that any increase in the value of professional ethics corresponds to increase in the values of satisfaction and commitment and decrease in the value of turnover intention
Findings indicate that ethical climate improves employees’ job satisfaction as well as organizational climate directly. Ethical climate decreases turnover intention in work place.

Managers of organizations to comply with ethical standards and commitment to Psychological contracts in organizations can have significant impact on perceived job security, and have organizational trust. Therefore, this study aims to predict perceptions of job security and organizational trust through ethical leadership and adherence to psychological contract is carried out.
Currents study is a correlation research. Population of study includes all of staffs in Isfahan Company. Sample includes 210 participants that they were selected as in access group. Data accumulated by questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and step by step regression.
Results showed that there are significant relationship between ethical leadership and perceived job security and Also between adherence to psychological contract and organizational trust, (p The results of this study suggest that organizational trust increase through ethical leadership, perceived job security, and through adherence to psychological contract. The predictive power of ethical leadership is more powerful than adherence to psychological contract.

Social trust is being considered as an important index in structuring economic and social relationships. Any progress in social trust will enhance the quality of social relations, attitude, and respect to law and job functions. In contrast, lack of social trust would have adverse impacts such as bribery, corruption and lack of transparency. Hence, the goal of this research is assessment of fiscal corruption among audit professions and its relation to social trust.
The present research method is a correlation-descriptive. Population of study includes the auditors in governmental and private sectors in audit profession. Sample of study consists of 320 participants that were selected randomly. Information gathered via questionnaire and library studies. Data were analyzed by multiple regressions.
Results of the study show that there is a direct relationship between low social trust and fiscal corruption among private auditors of audit profession.
The results confirm that ethic improvements in audit profession require social value improvements such as social trust.

Attention to moral values is an important duty that should be regard by universities and centers. This study aims to explore the moral intelligence of undergraduate students, and then determine the relationship between moral intelligence and altruism of them.
This research is an applied study, and method of collecting and analyzing data is descriptive-correlation. The population includes students of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences at University of Qom. Based on Morgan’ table, the sample size was calculated 196 subjects. Data gathering tools are two standard questionnaires of moral intelligence and altruism. Data analyzed through statistical techniques of variance analysis, T test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test, and Pearson correlation with using SPSS software.
Students had very good situation in components of compassion, keeping a promise, caring for others and the ability to forgive the mistakes of others. There is meaningful relationship between most of moral intelligence components and students altruism. There is no significant relationship between students’ moral intelligence and age, and educational level of parents. There was no significant relationship between students’ altruism and age, parental education level, but significant correlation with ranking for entrance to university.
Given to this point that moral intelligence is acquired and is associated with altruism, the education that led to the development of student's moral intelligence could cause to enhance altruism and ultimately to higher academic levels for university.

A problematic phenomenon in public management is administrative corruption, and its control is a most serious managerial concern. This paper aims to investigate the impact of information technology on administrative corruption as well as examining the role of work consciousness.
The research method was correlation and target population were employees of Rafsanjan public organizations. A sample of 357 members was selected randomly. Then, questionnaires related to research variables were prepared and after ensuring their reliability and content validity were distributed. In order to test the hypotheses, measurement models were estimated and tested through CFA. Finally, data were fitted to structural equation models through multiple regressions. In order to examine the moderating role of work consciousness variable, absolute values of critical ratios for differences between βs of the relationship between dependent and independent variables in two levels of high and low work consciousness were calculated and compared with z critical value in 99 percent of confidence level. Calculations were done using Amos Graphics.
In 99 percent of confidence level, IT correlates negatively with administrative corruption, in general, and with financial, administrative behavior, and legal corruption, in detail. Moreover, although work consciousness dose not moderate the relationship between IT and administrative corruption, it has a strong correlation with administrative corruption as a dependent variable.
Although IT can reduce administrative corruption, it cannot remove administrative corruption in public sector completely. Furthermore, because of the importance of work consciousness in reducing corruption, still socio-cultural factors would be considered as the most important factors affecting administrative corruption reduction.

The goal of professional librarians and informatics is providing useful services for users. This study aims to recognize the rate of commitment and authority of librarians to ethics instruction.
this study is an applied ex post facto research. The population of study includes all librarians of Isfahan public libraries in 2012. By in access selection, 207 questionnaires were filled by participants. The questionnaire was made by authors. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferred statistics.
The findings showed that librarians are familiar and committed to ethical principles, but they don’t use these instructions in their duties. Experience has significant effect on theoretical ethics but not on applying ethics in work. Gender, age and education have no significant effect on professional ethics.
It can be said that most of librarians were familiar with professional ethics instructions, but they don’t apply this instructions. Therefore, unannounced inspections are necessary.

The loss of customizing ethical and professional cods at educational and research institutions are big challenge. The aim of this research was to study the awareness and consideration to ethical codes and instructions among faculty members and students of universities.
The method of research was ex post facto research. Population of study includes all postgraduate students and faculty members of Kurdistan University. Among all, 397 postgraduate students and 138 faculty member by Stratified sampling was selected. It investigated about their research works based on APA Ethical Standards (for Human science researchers) and Guidelines for Research Ethics in Science and Technology Prepared by the National Committee for Research Ethics in Science and Technology (NENT) (for Science and Technology researchers). Data were analyzed by T test, variance analyzing and Donkan test.
Results showed that awareness to ethical codes and regulations among students are very weak and among faculty members are in average. Consideration to ethical codes among student and faculty members was less than awareness to ethical codes. Awareness and consideration to ethical codes was different between faculties and departments of university.
Most of the student and faculty members relatively had awareness to ethical codes, but their awareness was not perfect.

There is a few researches related with inspecting mechanisms that ethical leadership with using them lead to positive employee's functional results. Meanwhile the employee identification and their ethical beliefs are among the variables that can be used a moderator role related with ethical leadership and many functional results. Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to investigate the role of identification and ethical beliefs of employees on functional results of ethical leadership.
This study, based on research method was descriptive. Statistical population of this research determined 245 employees of pharmaceutical company of Tabriz which are revealed amount 181 as the statistical sample size with using the sample size formula. Collecting data with using Five questionnaires which there validity with using content validity method and there reliability checked by Cronbach's alpha coefficient have been done. Hypothesizes testing have been concluded with using partial least squares approach on path- structural models.
the results showed that the identification with two dimensions of organizational identification and relational identification, has mediated and Mediator role on influencing the ethical leadership on employee performance.
The results show that for having effective ethical leadership, the role of other effective variables on relationship between ethical leadership and performance must be considered.

Development of organizations and increasing their role in society, the social consequences of their activities and their impact on the various stakeholders has become increasingly important So that the social and moral functions have a big influence on the overall performance of the organization. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance.
This study is descriptive-correlation. The population of the study consisted of 448 Employees of state-owned commercial banks in Sanandaj. Sample size of 263 employees selected by Stratified random sampling. For gathering data, questionnaires were used in the work ethic and organizational citizenship behavior organizational performance. Data were analyzed by Confirmatory Factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
The findings confirm the correlation coefficient between the work ethic and organizational citizenship behavior. Correlation between the work ethic and organizational citizenship behavior is about (0.97), the correlation between organizational citizenship behavior and organizational performance is about (0.82) and the correlation coefficient between the work ethic and organizational performance is about (0.80). The results showed, the RMSEA (0.061) and the ratio of χ2 (df =3), which shows a good fit and explanatory power of the model.
According to the findings, it is essential that managers of organizations with solutions to enhance the job ethics and organizational citizenship behavior to improve their organizational performance and mechanisms to this end in the fall.