نشریه حسابداری و منافع اجتماعی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 15، زمستان 1393)

Evaluating the performance of companies is one of the most important issues for managers, investors and other Stakeholders and the results of research, is a base of many internal and external decision making. In current research, financial leverage criteria and two criteria of performance include return on assets (ROA) and market value of equity plus book value of debt over book value of total assets (Tobin Q) are applied. Aim of this research is to answer this question about the relationship between the capital structure and the companie's performance. Data sample included 71 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange over a period of five years from 2008 to 2012. In this study, using multiple regression and correlation coefficients, analysis of data was performed. K-S is used in order to test normality and eventually Fischer applied to test regression. Finally, following results were obtained: There is a significant relationship among variables TDTE, LTDTA and TDTC with criteria of measuring ROA; whereas, there was not significant relationship between independent variable with Tobin Q.

The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of product market competition on earnings quality. In order to achieve this aim, 110 listed companies on TSE over the period of 2004-2012 were examined using the panel data regression.
These findings revealed that product market competition has a significant and positive impact on the earnings quality. Therefore, it can be said that increasing product market competition may have an effective role in disclosure of more high quality information. In other words, this study states that in less competitive or concentrated industries, managers tend to create an opaque information environment to decrease proprietary and political costs of information disclosure as well to protect their competitive advantages.

Disclosure of is one of the most important management tools in order to transfer transferring information about financial performance to investors, creditors and other stakeholders. One of the major reasons for disclosure is agency theory and information asymmetry. Conducting research on the disclosure classified in three areas: measuring of level and quality of disclosure, determinants of disclosure and their consequences for capital market. This article is a comprehensive review of research in the field of disclosure and through investigating in subjects and variable, appropriate and coherent research framework for this paper in field of disclosure will be introduced. The Review of existing literature shows that considering various aspects of voluntary disclosure and using the advanced research methods, including the use of non-linear models can improve and expand the disclosure literature.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effective systems and indicators on Sustainable Performance management. A company can be value creating when their management technique includes different characteristics, in relation to the integration of economic, environmental and social dimensions. Stakeholders with conflicting interests and divergent, resulting in increased demand for multi-dimensional measurements of the dimensions. Based on stakeholder's perception of a company, "going concern” can be true for a company when being able to create, maintain and strengthen of stable and durable relationships with all its stakeholders. This stable performance is achieved through Sustainability Performance Accounting and Management. Sustainable management requires a definition of sustainability goals that must be constantly evaluated. In this paper, dimensions of sustainability accounting (environmental, social, economic) is evaluated and then sustainability management accounting system, sustainable strategies and indicators is examined. Results of research represent that sustainable management requires the definition of sustainability goals through strategies, and measures must be constantly evaluated.

over the last few years, a strong tendency has emerged to use behavioral theories in accounting research. Undoubted, such studies have enriched the field of accounting and makes out it from boring and quite technical field. Since Interesting studies have been done in the world about the arena of accounting and environmental factors affecting it, that all of which are confirmed that there is a direct interaction between accounting and environment (Hofstede,1987). These results suggest that development of accounting can be effected by diverse environmental factors which culture is one of the most important elements of them. This Study is an attempt to the areas and elements of culture and the impact of it on accounting. In this regard, the relationship between accounting, the knowledge that have the same shape in all societies with no sub-cultural values, And Culture is one of the causes of differences in accounting practices and will be examined in the Format of various studies.

Considering the growth, development and complexity in financial markets and financial instruments, also specialization of the investment sector, investors and financial experts need instruments, methods and models to help them to choose the most relevant investment and portfolio. These issues led to new financial assets pricing theories, and calculating the predicted stock returns which followed by daily changes. One of these models is Fama and French' three-factor model, which has been of interest to researches over the past two decades. Recently, in 2013, these two researchers have modified this model and have offered a developed new model. Whereas empirical research about the capability of this model in relation to stock return has not been tested yet, description of the stock return based in this model, and its evaluation, depends on the future researches. In this paper, this new model has been presented and discussed.

The purpose of this study is to review the theoretical foundations of tax avoidance, tax avoidance methods by companies, how to calculate, the factors and consequences of tax avoidance. Tax avoidance is a kind of legal gaps in the tax laws to reduce income taxes that can be transmitted through a region with low taxation and transfer pricing to be done. Tax avoidance can be measured through various methods such as tax effective rates and tax differences. The results of this study suggest that managers are great value for the income tax and financial strategies, ie, strategies that reduce tax expenses in the financial statements and tax strategies that reduce cash taxes, ie, a strategy that makes a difference in the payment of income tax. Therefore, most companies seek to reduce taxes and thus tax avoidance within the legal framework of the existing gaps in laws.

As information and communication technologies (ICT) become more deeply ingrained and inextricably woven into the fabric of organizations, more perplexing research and practice questions emerged. This commentary applies an organizing information systems research framework to accounting. The framework explicitly recognizes that complexities of the accounting value chain define relevant practice issues for research. The application of framework with examples that integrate different accounting disciplines and different research methodologies are demonstrated. How design science, archival, and behavioral research paradigms work together to advance theory and inform practice are emphasized by using a select number of prior research studies. In addition, how the framework directs future research for both well-established and emerging practice issues, are explained.

Gaining profit is an aim of diverse types of enterprises. In fact¡ managers who was the owners of firms in some cases did not pay attention to non-financial and social issues. Emerging theories such as stakeholder theory in management and also importance of social satisfaction and ethical issues in businesses over times¡ made new concepts such as corporate social responsibility and corporate citizenship in profession and literature of management. These concepts not only had a significant impact on the management¡ but also affected accountants as the main source of information for internal and external parties. Nowadays¡ scope and importance of these concepts are so widespread around the world so that all interested groups such as stockholders¡ capital providers¡ suppliers¡ employees¡ customers¡ communities and regulators use the concept of corporate social responsibility as a main indicator in order to measuring corporate citizenships and firm’s ability to perform its social obligations. Hence¡ the purpose of this paper is to examine the corporate citizenship and corporate social responsibility to help managers for better understanding and distinguishing of these concepts.

Present study assessed the relation between the agency costs and investment efficiency of the listed companies on TSE; the sample includes 67 listed companies on TSE over a five-year period from 2008 to 2011¡ using data regression model. The findings from the model related to essential Hypothesis 1 states the operational costs ratio to the sale and interaction between the growth opportunities and free cash flows as the direct criteria of the representative costs in the examined companies has a positive and significant relation with investment efficiency. Also the ratio of the assets flow as the reverse criterion of the representative costs has negative and significant relation with inefficiency of investment.
The findings from the model related to essential Hypothesis 2 states the operational costs ratio to the sale and interaction between the growth opportunities and free cash flows as the direct criteria of the representative costs in the examined companies has a positive and significant relation with overinvestment. Also the ratio of the assets flow as the reverse criterion of the representative costs has negative and significant relation with inefficiency of investment.