نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال پانزدهم شماره 137 (بهمن و اسفند 1394)

The mindfulness is the non-judgmental, unexplainable and current time-based awareness of experience which is in a person's attention span in a particular moment. This method has produced positive effect on decreasing the stress and increasing mental health in mothers who have educable mentally retarded children. This study aims to investigate the impact of mindfulness training on the mental health in mothers who have educable mentally retarded children.
The research has experimental type along with the pre and post-test with control group. The General Health Questionnaire is the measurement tool in this research. The statistical population consists of all mothers who have mentally retarded children at exceptional schools of Isfahan City; and the statistical sample is selected according to cluster random sampling by screening method, so that after filling the General Health Questionnaire, 30 samples are with maximum scores in the questionnaires are selected and classified into the experimental and control groups. The mothers of experimental group passed eight 2-hour sessions of mindfulness program.
The results of Mixed Analysis of variance with repeated measures indicate that mindfulness training has a significant impact on the mother's mental health promotion at the level of P Given the effectiveness on increasing mental health in educable mentally retarded children can be relevant option for clients who go to counseling centers for an effective treatment.

Theory of mind in Children with learning disabilities should be considered, because the theory of mind can effect on social and cognitive behaviors. The aim of present study was exploring the developmental trend of the theory of mind in 8 to 11 years old students with and without learning disability.
This casual-comparative study was performed on 160 student of 8 to 11 years old (80 students with learning disability & 80 students without with learning disability) that studying in center for students with special needs and regular school and selected by stratified sampling with equal ratio. Steersman Theory of Mind test (1999) & Wechsler Intelligence Scale (1974) were used as measurement instruments. The collected data were analyzed using two- way ANOVA and tukey post- hoc test.
The results indicated that in both groups of students, the trend of development in the theory of mind with respect to age was progressive. However, it was revealed that it taken longer for the students with learning disability to reach to higher levels of theory of mind.
This study supports earlier findings that individual with Learning disabilities have difficulties attributing mental states in context.

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is one of the most common disorders among school-age children that affects the motor ability in normal and healthy children and may persist through adulthood. Thus, early detection and intervention is crucial. The purpose of this research was to determine the rate of DCD prevalence among female students with the range of 9-11 in Khorrambid city in Fars province.
The study was carried out as a descriptive survey for which a multi-stage systematic sampling method was adopted. Sampling method was cluster method that based on Morgan table, 300 individuals (mean: high: 138.7, weight: 33.46) were involved. For data collection, primary developmental coordination disorder questionnaire was used for initial screening. Finally for a precise diagnostics of the children with developmental coordination disorder employed Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency-short form. The Chi-Square test at a significance level of α= 0.05 was used for statistical data analysis.
According to developmental coordination disorder questionnaire, 98 students were screened and finally 33 individual were detected by used Bruininks-Oseretsky test motor proficiency (short form). The rate of prevalence of the studied sample was estimated as 11.2%, so that, it was 10.5%, 13.7% and 9.2% for the age of 9, 10 and 11, respectively.
Since this disorder effect on the motor skills, self-concept, self-esteem and academic skills, therefore early detection and timely treatment for this disorder feel necessary.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the amount of the effect of profession teaching performance on mental retarded students from exceptional teacher's points of view in Isfahan city.
The research method was descriptive survey. Statistical sample includes 108 exceptional teachers who selected through stratified random sampling from Cochran formula and relating to their teaching places. The data were gathered through a 66-item researcher made questionnaire. The questionnaires content and formal validities were admitted by university professors. The reliability of questionnaire was 0.95 Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The obtained data were analyzed by single sample T test, T for two independent samples, variance analysis (F), and LSD.
The research findings showed that profession teaching performance and its components such as self-sufficiency, social skills, and psycho-motor skills were above the average. Also the findings indicated that there were significant differences between profession teaching performances mean scores relating to respondents views in different teaching places and experience.
These results were statistically meaningful but there was no difference between performances mean scores regarding to sex, degree, and course of study.

One of the effectiveness methods in the training of autism children and children with intellectual disabilities is simultaneous prompting. The simultaneous prompting procedure can be used with discrete, single responses of relatively short duration, and chained skills, a number of behaviors sequenced together to perform a more complex skill. When using simultaneous prompting, the teacher presents a controlling prompt, i.e. a prompt that ensures a correct response, simultaneously with the stimulus being taught, the object, gesture, activity, or situation which we want the learner to respond when instruction is finished.
This paper examined the effect of Simultaneous Prompting method in the training of autism children and children with intellectual disabilities.

Despite the important role of leisure time in life of individuals with intellectual disability, these Individuals participate in leisure time activities at a lower rate than those without intellectual disabilities. For this reason, attention to leisure time individuals with intellectual disability is very important.
In this paper, after a short introductory speech, definition of leisure time is presented. Then, the necessity of leisure time activities for individuals with intellectual disability are discussed. Finally, the leisure time activities of individuals with intellectual disability are expressed.

Thinking about the future is an integral component of human cognition ability to creatively imagine of possible future events, called future thinking that in recent years much attention in the different field of psychology (cognitive, neuropsychological, clinical, developmental) has attracted. This paper aim to investigate Future Thinking in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders has been written. This study is a review article. After the definition and importance of future thinking, the cognitive processes involved in these construct, biological status and its development course noted and then future thinking in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is discussed.
According to studies in this field can be realized the importance of adaptive this ability. This poor performance could potentially help to explain why people with autism spectrum disorder characteristically exhibit restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. These findings could have important implications in clinical and theoretical level.

The aim of this research was designed to assess the effects of resistance training on salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and hormone profile in sedentary adults with Down syndrome (DS).
A total of 40 male adults with DS were selected for the trial through different community support groups for people with intellectual disabilities. All participants had medical approval for participation in physical activity. Twenty-four adults were randomly assigned to perform resistance training in a circuit with six stations, 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Training intensity was based on functioning in the eight-repetition maximum (8RM) test for each exercise. The control group included 16 age-, gender-, and BMI-matched adults with DS. Salivary IgA, testosterone, and cortisol levels were measured by ELISA. Work task performance was assessed using the repetitive weighted-box stacking test.
Resistance training significantly increased salivary IgA concentration (P=0.0120; d=0.94) and testosterone levels (P=0.0088; d=1.57) in the exercising group. In addition, it also improved work task performance. No changes were seen in the controls who had not exercised.
In conclusion, a short-term resistance training protocol improved mucosal immunity response as well as salivary testosterone levels in sedentary adults with DS.