فصلنامه فقه و تاریخ تمدن
سال نهم شماره 38 (زمستان 1392)

Iranian Muslims have played an important role in civilization development by the Islamic Iranian civilization planning and transferring it to other communities such as the Indian subcontinent. Iranian elites who immigrated to the Gorkanian court due to repulsion factors in Iran and attraction factors in India, could be the source of effective services in the different fields of civilization especially, bureaucratic and political system of Gorkani’s government because of their great competences. The main goal of present research by using descriptive- analytic method and library sources answers to this question. What were the effects of the Iranian officials immigrated to India on the political and bureaucratic system changes of Gorkanian’s government? And the assumption is that Iranian-Islamic thinking played an important role on the development, prosperity, and stability structure of bureaucratic and political system of India’s Gorkanian. As a result, the Iranian officials immigrated to India were effective on Gorkanian’s political and bureaucratic system evolution by law legislation, political treaties, fight against Moktaan, financial and judicial system regulation, political consulting, and government political system stabilization during authority transferring and persian language spreading in administrative system.

The academic contest of "Quran and Etrat", administered by "Islamic Culture Headquarter Office", has been regularly practicing at Islamic Azad University all around. One of the content subjects included in this contest is "The English translation of the Magnificent Qur`an". However, due to the significance of the issue it is axiomatic that the editorial team pay due attention to the matter in choosing the test materials; thus, provoking interest on the part of the students as well as the academic members of the university to enthusiastically take part in such cultural issues. So, taking a critical approach, this paper aims at reviewing the English translation of the holly chapter, "Al-Asra" (The sons of Israel), as translated by Arthur John Arbery, which is used as one of the test materials of the contest. This comparative study compares and contrasts the fore-mentioned translation with three more English translations of the holly book, including the ones translated by Mohammad Ali, Piktal and Shakir. The study scrutinizes the matter from different perspectives, such as the factors of limitation and free choice in vocabulary and structure selection as well as the style of writing.

The importance of the laws of Figh (Islamic jurisprudence) and their role in better understanding the laws of the sharia and the regulating of Figh teaching is clear for researchers in the field of jurisprudence. Although these laws do not have the same roles as the principle ones, they play an important part in the differentiated laws and parallelism of minor cases and applicability of each general law. Meanwhile, a question may arise by the researcher as to where these laws originate from, how they were formed, and where their bases are. Are these laws based on Quanic verses and traditions, have they been directly mentioned in texts and references of exegeses, or were they indirectly formed from clear manuscripts of the sharia? Perhaps the jurisprudent created them based on a collection of minor laws. This aim of this article "Comparative Study of the Methodology of Detecting and Establishing Laws of Figh from the Perspective of Sunni and Shia Scholars" has been to explain the methods of detection and to establish the laws of Figh by the Shia and Sunnis. We also aimed to state in detail the methodology of reaching these laws in each sect and to give examples of each case. The author concluded that the religious jurisprudent, in determining the laws, used the same references that they used to detect Figh issues. Although the two sects have common ways in this regard, there are also differences. For example, because Sunnis believe that rational proof, even if it is speculative, can be valid and used to prove sharia laws, they use it as rational reasoning for topics such as analogy and consideration of the public interest in discovering Figh laws. Also, since the AhulSunnat, in addition to complete induction that is considered as a proof by the Shia, they also consider imperfect induction that is speculative as proof. For some Sunni jurisprudents, induction is the most common methodology to discover Figh law. However, the Shia use some methodology to discover Figh laws that have not been seen in Sunni texts such as BanyehOqalah, rational common ideas, theological laws and the most important one is that the Shia due to using the traditions of the Ahul Bait (pbut) use common sense references which easily affect Figh laws directly. This article is based on library descriptive analysis such that main instruments used were credible Figh texts and Shia and Sunni Figh laws. We also reviewed the methodology Figh laws of extraction and briefly explained them.

One of the needs of medical students is to use the dissection and autopsy, and because this is a modern phenomenon, therefore there is no detailed discussion among Islamic scholars about this phenomena, so there is no definite verdict about it. So the question arises is that what is the verdict of Islam about it or what's the opinion of Islam in such a matter, what will the limitations and considerations about it! This Article try's to discuss about this matter and find answers regarding the questions about it with a brief explanation about Abahy principle which is considered as the main and basic principle about things and actions, we will also find out the clues which considered to be in contrast with Islamic decrees. Cases regarded as mutilation: there are traditions which refrain mutilation. Cases regarding payment of atonement: traditions exist which bound a person to pay atonement for disfiguring a corpse. Cases about the respect to Muslims corpse: traditions asks to respect the body of a dead Muslim. In this article we will differentiate between dissection and mutilation, there is no concrete evidence about the payment of atonement and it's not confirmed, the dissection with observance of special points will not be disrespect to corps. Thus there is no solid reason for prohibition of dissection, for more precaution we can use a corpse of pagan instead of a Muslim one. At the end we will discuss traditions regarding payment of atonement for dissection of corpses.

The most important goal of family is to empower and strengthen its own foundation and to protect its sanctity, to support the mothers and protect the children and ensure the survivor of this social unit. According to this importance, this article, with the aim to protect the rights of the children and to create awareness in the different levels of society specially among the parents about the laws and principles regarding adoption, the importance of knowing the needs of adopted child both material and psychological will elaborate all these section under the title of " parental responsibility in adoption in respect to jurisprudence and law". For this purpose we undertake library research and descriptive method in order to determine the position of parents and their responsibility in adoption. During this researches and investigation we came to know that to fulfill the physical and psychological needs of adopted child is the responsibility and duty of parents, father and mother are considered equally responsible. In addition the separation of the child from parents will cause legal and psychological effects. The Islamic law is applicable for both sides and each of parents should perform their duty in according to the needs of the child and the conditions laid down in adoption. Therefor creating an environment of peace and security with a relative authority of parents can be the conclusion of the article.

This paper is taken from a research project entitled "Evaluation of Mashhad Islamic Azad University students’ tendency to superstition" Due to the nature of its aim in terms of applied research, it is a descriptive correlational study. This study stratified a random sampling survey among 412 students of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. Dimensions variable orientation (the degree of knowledge or awareness, belief or conviction rates, the amount of action or behavior) were assessed with a questionnaire. The reliability questions was 0/94. Statistical analysis to analyze the data and respond to questions were included in the statistical analysis. Comparison and correlation was used to study the tendency towards superstition and background variables. The results of the research findings showed that the average score tendency to superstition, the range(highest 4and lowest1) was 2/4in moderate to low, the mean score of awareness or understanding of students superstition was 2/3 moderate to low, average degree of belief or superstition was 2/4 moderate to low, and average scores of the operation amounts to superstition, 2/3 is moderate to low. Comparing student's tendency to superstition based on the underlying variables that indicate the relative scores tendency toward superstition among female students than male, married in singles than among those living in other towns and villages was higher among those residing in Mashhad School of Theology at more than any other school in the School of Architecture and the Arts is less than other schools.