فصلنامه مدیریت توسعه و تحول
پیاپی 22 (پاییز 1394)

With the entry of spirituality in the research of organizations and management, a considerable improvement has occurred. For a long time, spirituality excluded from surveying, but increasing research showed that it related to and integrated a lot of results in individual, organizational and society levels. Recent studies in the realm of spirituality and spiritual leadership, only paid attention to spiritual leader and spiritual workplace, and ignored the roles of followers in leadership equation.
This paper, with a developmental approach, and after using expert's opinions, aims to identify the traits and behaviors of spiritual followers and explore the roles of them in the leadership effectiveness. After analyzing data, using adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, the results show that follower's virtue, critical thinking, active engagement, self-awareness and altruism have a significance role in exploring leadership effectiveness and the roles of follower's maturity and self-esteem, in leadership effectiveness, are not significant.

The aim of this study is to identify criteria absorb and retain the human resources focuses on technical campus staff of Tehran University. To achieve this goal of case study research method used anatomical mixed. Research population consisted of 356 employees of the technical campus of Tehran University in which a quantitative section using stratified sampling, 185 of them in quality by using purposive sampling snowball 10 people attended. The data quantitative questionnaire (2012), which was Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 and semi-structured interviews were qualitative. In order to analyze quantitative data one-sample t-test and qualitative inductive content analysis was based on open coding. The results showed that: 1) Criteria attract and retain the human resources staff of the below average and average is hypothetical. 2) Criteria that attract and retain the human resources that are considered include the three criteria are: Competence and personal abilities, Matters of faith, morals and religion and having special privileges.

A good corporate governance system is a key element in optimizing business unit performance and the profitability condition for shareholders, limiting agency costs and supporting the company's survival. This study aimed to express the difference between the values of the optimal performance of companies operating in various industries in Tehran Stock Exchange through governance mechanisms. In this regard, the performances of 130 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange were optimized, categorized by 10 industries during years of 1380 through 1390 (2001 through 2011), using meta-heuristic algorithm based on the following criteria: Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Real Stock Returns, Tobin’s Q Ratio, Market Value of Equity, Economic Value Added, and Cost of Common Stock; And We compared optimal performance of companies with each other and also compared corporate governance mechanism of them together and finally we compared both of them (optimal performance and corporate governance mechanism) together by Kruskal-Wallis test. Consequently, using good corporate governance lead to optimal performance of the companies. So we propose this result to investors and active companies of stock exchange.

Organizational culture, promoter pattern of shared values, beliefs and customs and norms are in the organization that affect to organizational strategy. In the knowledge age, with increased innovation and development of emerging markets, promoting live and advanced technologies and expansion of e-business, condition for success is to take advantage of the opportunities and to face ahead challenges. All of these cases require that the organizational culture and its strategy be well known and investigated so by knowing the culture and its attunement with appropriate strategies in organization won in a competitive world.
This study is a relationship between organizational culture and organizational strategies in Gohar Rood Road Building Company that in this respect was presented a conceptual model and in order to that's test, one main hypothesis with title relationship between culture and strategy, and four lateral hypothesis, relationship between culture and globalization, relationship between customer-oriented and culture, relationship between culture and many-sided business models, and the relationship between culture and synergic, was investigated and formulated in organization that in the first three hypothesis with high points, and the final hypothesis were confirmed by a very poor point. Research method is descriptive- survey, Statistical population of research is employees working in the Gohar Rood organizations and its subsidiaries. Data collection tool in this research is the questionnaire that was measured its reliability and validity. In the first stage, 317 questionnaires at the level of company employees, and second stage, 30 questionnaires at the level of top managers were distributed. This research is included of one main hypothesis and four lateral hypotheses. To assess organizational culture was used of Globe proposed model. Using the analysis of the first questionnaire, it was found that the organization dominant culture is under study of participatory culture. Also results showed that the relationship between organizational culture and organizational strategy is higher than average, it was offered according the high power difference level in Gohar Rood organization, are identified indicators for identification and its reduction in organization.

The aim of this research is to study the relationship between intentions to e-government with organizational agility in Tehran province Gaz Company. For this purpose a primary and five secondary hypotheses were formulated. The statistical society of this research is the gas company staff of Tehran province which among them using sampling formula of limited population, 120 people were selected. To collect the data, the intentions to e-government standard questionnaire of Torres et al and self-designed questionnaire of organizational agility were used. The validity of questionnaires was confirmed by professors and experts. Also using Cronbach's alpha test, the reliability of e-government questionnaire equal 87/ and organizational agility equal 92/ was determined. Collected data analyses took place in the SPSS software environment. Pearson correlation, Friedman and binomial tests respectively were used to hypotheses test, ranking of organizational agility dimension and review variables situation. Findings of the study indicated that intentions to e-government have a relationship with all agility dimensions (organizational leadership, organizational change, organizational culture, customer service, performance management) and as a result with organizational agility.

Shopping has different dimensions itself. Shopping in different phrases has different meaning; phrases such as who goes shopping? Why do the people go shopping? When do they prefer to go shopping? Where do they go shopping? What is the reason to go shopping? And what motivates them to go shopping? Different studied suggest different answers. The last question is the subject of our study. Since shopping has different dimensions, a precise research has to concentrate on a special point to limit the main subject in order to produce more precise results. Motivation of shopping is one of the main issues in the course of shopping behavior of the customers. This study is searching for reasons of shopping in Iran, investigating the approach of 400 students of Azad University of Qazvin toward their motivation to go shopping.
In the article, we analyze a factor to discover variables which affect shopping motivation of Iranian consumers.

This study tries to enhance imperialist colony algorithm (ICA) in the context of travel salesman problem (TSP). By adding new learning operator, imperialist learns form colonies that have suitable cost in which manner that improves solution of problems. We believe that controlled learning improvement is better than uncontrolled one. The efficiency of new operator represented with variety of instances from TSPLIB. We evaluate the approach on standard TSP test problems and show that it performs better, with respect to solution quality and computation time than ICA without new learning operator.

Today many organizations undergoing change. Leadership of an organization to adapt and change in order to survive and grow in new environments, require to specific features that generally managers to respond to them encountered to many problems .the most important features that can help leaders and managers in response to these changes, emotional intelligence and social intelligence. Due to the importance of this object, in this study, to the effect emotional intelligence and social intelligence on leadership style of management are discussed. To measure emotional intelligence of questionnaire by Schering (1996), to measure social intelligence of questionnaire Sylvra (2001) and to measure the leadership style of the questionnaire MLQ are used. The statistic society includes 140 the managers of Kermanshah Province Governor. Using a statistical formula Cochran 100 individuals were chosen as the sample of the research. Research results showed that social intelligence and emotional intelligence on manager's leadership style have a direct and positive effect.