مجله پژوهش در علوم توانبخشی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (1394)

Abstract: High heel shoes alters the kinematics and muscle activity pattersn of the lower extrimities and spine. These changes in the biomechanical characristics of the body could be a challenging issue for postural stability system. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different heel heights on the postural sway in healthy young women.
Thirty-two female students who aged 22.3±1.4 years volunterred in this randomized cross-over trial. The center of pressure parameters were recorderd while participants stood upright on a forceplate in four randon conditions: barefoor, zero heel-height shoes, 3 cm heel-height shoes, and 6 cm heel-height shoes. The recoded data was statistically analyzed.
The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences in the range, path length, and velocity of the body sway in different conditions of this study.
Heel height raising caused some alteration in the boy sway parameters which cpuld induce a postural instability.

Evaluation of ground reaction forces (GRF) and other kinetic factors have clinical importance. There is interaction between shoe type and insole with these factors. The objectives of this study were to assess the acuteeffects of arch support insole on GRF and their time-to peak of each reaction force, impulse, loading rate, and free moment during stance phase of gait in normal individuals.
Sixteen healthy male subjects with mean age, mass and height of 29.4±4.8 years, 77.9±12.6 kg, and 176.5±5.8 cm, respectively, participated on this study. Using two adjacent Kistler force plates (1000Hz) GRF during stance phase of walking with and without shoe insole were measured. Then, maximum GRF and their related time-to-peak, impulse, loading rate, and free moment were obtained. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze the data (α=0.05).
Wearing insole caused reduction of the peak vertical GRF on heel contact by 6.9% of body weight (BW) (p=0.001) and the loading rate (8.4%, p=0.02), while it increased the propulsive force (7% N/BW, p=0.001), anterior-posterior impulse by 1.2% BW.s (p=0.003) and normal impulse by 2% of BW.s (p=0.032).
Reduction of the vertical GRF and loading rate by means of insole may reduce the risk of lower extremity injuries due to impulse during walking. Arch supportinsole application can prevent sport injuries by reducing the reaction forces.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive training by working memory tasks on executive control network efficiency & accuracy of response.
The design of the study was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest. A total of 20 girl students participated in study. Cognitive group (n=10) received visuospatial working memory training and control group (n=10)have did usual training of table tennis without cognitive factor in two task. Participants performed attention networks test & accuracy response in pre and post of 8 sessions of training. Data were analyzed by means of statistical methods of repeated measure of ANOVA and SPSS 18 software in the significant level of 0.05.
Results showed significant differences between two group in each factor (executive control network efficiency & accuracy of response). Cognitive training group showed improvement in executive control network efficiency while control group didn’t showed. Response of accuracy was improved in both group but cognitive training group showed more improvement rather than control.
Based on study results,it seems that cognitive training has positive effect on neural network efficiency and response accuracy and this issue indicatesincreased effect of intra network communication and the flexibility of the brain toward repeating and practicing. And, this issue shows the effect of increasing the intra-network communications and the flexibility of the brain toward repeating and practicing. Therefore, it might be said that cognitive training has more positive effects on performance and cognitive abilities due to the involvement of more cognitive capabilities such as memory, attention, perception and also more involvement of brain networks and facilitate of synaptic connection.

Functional ankle instability has described as a “feeling of giving way”. Balance control deficit is one of the sensorimotor impairments observed in people with functional ankle instability that has been described to damage to the afferent receptors within the ligaments and joint capsule that affected during sprain. Foot orthosis can improve balance control via enhanced sensory afferent feedback of plantar surface of the feet and prevent inappropriate moment around the ankle joint. The purpose of this study was to examine the of effect lateral wedge and textured lateral wedge insole on static balance in people with functional ankle instability.
Materials and 20 athletes(mean age: 25.57±4.77 years)with clinically diagnosed unilateral functional ankle instability were recruited. Measurments performed in three conditions by using a kistler force plate(Kistler instrument corp, Amherst, New York USA,version.5060). The mean center-of-pressure excursion and mean velocity in medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions, area of 95% confidence circle and sway area were assessed as measures of standing balance. The results were statistically analyzed using the nonparametric Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon Signed Rank.
Foot orthoses resulted in decrease mean total and anterior-posterior COP excursion, %95 confidence circle area and increase mean medial-lateral COP excursion, mean COP velocity in medial-lateral direction and area sway, but these changes were not statistically significant.
Foot orthoses had no significant effect on postural stability in patients with functional ankle instability.

Vestibular evoked myogenic potential is useful test for assessing function of saccule and inferior vestibular nerve. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential Amplitude is proportional to the level of background Electomyography. In the post-auricular muscle, magnitude of the Electomyography is directly related to the position of the eye. Therefore, this study aimed to assess if eye position effect on Vestibular evoked myogenic potential.
In this cross-sectional study, vestibular evoked myogenic potential was recorded for 30 normal subjects, aged 18 to 30 years old, using 500 Hz-tone bursts (95 dBnHL) in three eye position: (1) eyes in the same direction as head turn, (2) eyes straight ahead, (3) eyes in the opposite direction to head turn in both ears.
In both ears, there was significant difference between mean amplitude of all three positions (p0.05).
Results of this study shows that magnitude of the response alters depending on the position of a subject’s eyes during recording vestibular evoked myogenic potential. So Controlling eye position during recording test is recommend.

Footwear with a curved “rollover” sole is prescribed to improve walking capability. Shoes with a curved sole profile have been reported to alter ankle, knee and hip kinematics and posture and thought to able to modify head and neck, and trunk posture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of rollover footwear on standing posture of head and neck, and trunk in healthy females.
Material and Ten healthy female volunteers were recruited (mean age24/5±1/8). Three dimensional positions of 11 retro-reflective markers attached over spinal column and forehead were recorded using 7 motion capture camera system (100 Hz) during standing under two randomized conditions: (1) barefoot; (2) Rollover footwear. Each condition repeated 3 times. Head and trunk posture in the sagittal plane were quantified using the lumbar and thoracic radii and sagittal angle between head and neck, and the laboratory transverse plane. The results were statistically analyzed using the paired t-test test and P rollover footwear compared to the barefoot condition, decreased significantly the radius of lumbar curve by 11/ 24% (P=0/006). The radius of thoracic curve increased by 4/45% wearing rollover footwear but this did not reach statistical significance (P=0/46). The sagittal angle of head and neck relative to the transverse plane did not change significantly (P=0/47)
The results of present study shows that rollover footwear produced extension posture in lumbar while standing. This would suggest that the rollover footwear could be part of a treatment protocol for people who benefit from extension posture of lumbar region.

The plantar arch is an architectural structure consisted of several joints, ligaments and muscles. It builds a functional unit that plays a vital role in weight bearing activities such as rope jumping. In this study, the effects of 12 weeks rope jumping on plantar arch in boy students with low, moderate, and high foot arches were evaluated.
It was a controlled experimental study. At the beginning of study, the plantar arches of 450 boys (aged 10 to 13 years) were evaluated by Staheli index. Accordingly, 30 participants were recruited from every group with low, moderate, and high foot arches, provided their parents signed the informed consent form. Then, subjects of each study group were randomly assigned into control and experimental groups (n=15). Experimental groups took part in a 45minute rope jumping program of 3 sessions per week, lasting for 12 weeks. Data were statistically analyzed by the use of Mixed ANOVA, using SPSS 22 software.
Results Compared to pre-test, post-test scores of plantar arch showed no difference in any control groups, nor in moderate-arch and high-arch experimental groups, but it showed significant increase in low-arch experimental group (pConclusion Our findings demonstrated that rope jumping exercises could improve plantar arch in boy students 10-13 years old with flexible flat foot. Therefore, we recommend such exercises to boy adolescents and call for the same study on girl adolescents.

Working memory is one of the components of speech production and its deficiency can cause speech and language disorders. Several studies have suggested that children who stutter compared to normal children show some deficiencies in working memory. The aim of the present study was toinvestigation of the effectiveness ofphonological working memory interventionon decreasing of severity of stuttering in preschool children.
Materials and This study with single subject design targeted four children (5–6 years) who stutter. These children participated in a non-word repetition intervention, was scheduled in 18 sessions, over a total of six weeks and with a single subject research design (AB model). In order to analyze the data of the study, visual analysis of charts and quantitative analysis based on Cohen’s d effect Size were used. Results Data analysis showed all participants recorded a statistically significant change, as a decline in percentage of syllables stuttered, following the intervention.
Conclusion The results from this study suggest that an intervention of phonological working memory eventuated in decreases of severity of stuttering in children participated in this study; conseqently,these results provide the preliminary evidence that supports the usage of a psycholinguistic approach for treatment the stuttering in children who stutter.

Functional ankle instability is the most common residual and debilitating symptoms of acute ankle sprain leading to lose of training and competition in athletes. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effect of six weeks core stability training on dynamic postural control in individuals with chronic ankle sprain.
Materials and Thirty people were randomized to the experimental or control group. A pretest-posttest control group design was used to evaluate the intervention.The 6week intervention(core stability exercises) used for experimental group and conventional physiotherapy for both groups. All subjects were tested before the beginning of the corestabilization training program (pretest) and immediately after the conclusion of the 6-week program (posttest). Pretesting and posttesting consisted of the SEBT .Analysis of covariance compared outcomes between groups. The paired t test compared results within groups. A significant level of 0.05 was set for all analysese.
Results showed significant differences in mean of SEBT(in all directions) in the experimental and control group in post-test (p It can be concluded that core stability training can lead to improve dynamic balance in patients with chronic ankle sprain. Therefore, this type of training is recommended to be considered as a therapeutic option for this population of patients.

Spasticity, a neurological problem secondary to an uppermotor neuron lesion, has a significant effect on skeletalmuscle. The upper motor neuron lesions may be secondary toa cerebral vascular accident, head injury, spinal cord injury,or degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, orperinatal brain injuries such as cerebral palsy. Functionalability in these patients can be severely compromised but thebasic mechanisms underlying these deficits are not clearly understood. In this review we evaluate the current evidence inthe literature that suggests that skeletal muscle tissue itself isaltered in spastic conditions. Experimental studies wereevaluated that included a variety of methods encompassingjoint mechanics, tissue mechanics, and muscle morphology.