فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 25 (بهار 1393)

Immigration topic in Europe has gained much attention in recent years; it turned from an internal issue to an external issue and currently is one of the priorities in foreign policy of EU. European authorities have found out that it is better to cooperate on EU level because common partnership on illegal immigration and refugees can be more effective. Neighborhood Policy and Readmission Agreements with third countries are political instruments in order to solve the problem of illegal immigrants from origin and prevent them from entering the EU that is both encouraging and punitive. This paper is comparing and evaluating such views and is looking for immigration politics and its impact on foreign relations of European Union in the new era.

China is among the countries that has enjoyed a special status in international level by pursuing development-oriented economic policies. The impact of the Chinese leadership in this matter and its persistence since 1979, especially Deng Xiao Peng as the founder of the country's economic development is obvious. He accelerated the development process of China by identification of Internal and international requirements of economic development, institutionalization of established management model, and providing the chance for new leaders and elites in the political system. Since China's economic development strategy (devised by Deng) had become a legal and systematic framework the next leader of China continued his method despite their different characteristics and preferences and contributed to economic development of the country. They paved the way for economic development by adoption of targeted policies in the fields of science, technology, research and trade. Priority of knowledge, competence and expertise, capabilities and youth activism in the Chinese leadership of next generations have made significant achievements for the china’s economy. China has taken on new face in the national and international arena.

In South Africa, the combination of ethnic and racial differences more than any other factor in a centuries-old process is influenced. Transformations and changes in the country since independence in 1910 was influenced by mentioned factor. Designed system was based on the segregation and apartheid and after apartheid ended in 1994; the country's political system was based on the realities of racial and ethnic indigenous. Although both Nigeria and South Africa have British colonial in their backgrounds but the differences are in the objectives of the colonists. They had chosen South Africa to stay and the industrialization process was developed normally. While in Nigeria the purpose of colonialists was domination and exploitation of resources of the country. However, ethnic diversity, adding religious diversity in forms of both Islam and Christianity in Nigeria has been the main causes of gap over the years after independence. Frequent coups and continuous military interference in politics and Governance, separatism, ethnic and religious conflicts, unfair distribution of wealth, the absence of influencing middle class, and political and bureaucratic corruption; has been the difficulties always suffered Nigeria. Since 1999, based on its new constitution, Nigeria has gone through four rounds of presidential elections and in these years there has not been a new coup. Overall all the experts agree that the Nigeria is politically underdeveloped.

Appearance of Revolutions in North Africa and its exposure to the Middle East has led to regional and trans-regional actors to adopt different approaches to the Middle East region. Russia, as a trans-regional actor in the history of the region dates back to the Tsars which during the uprising has changed its approach to the region and in each of the countries has risen due to the benefits of its instruments, has adopted a different policy. Middle East and focus on the various issues, one of the important issues to Moscow, especially in the second term of Putin presidency, have paid much attention to it. Top diplomatic traffic between the Middle East to Moscow and back, it reflects the kind of mobility in Russia's Middle East policy is different from past decades. It seems that in the wake of developments since September 11, 2001, and particularly in America's military efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq that led to the proliferation of religious fundamentalism and anti-American sentiment in the Middle East, Russia has a greater interest among state and local communities, governments and the public have been mentioned, a situation of this country, it thinks itself to welcome advantage. The paper suggests that the popular uprisings in the Middle East as "Arabic revolutions" led the first Russian politics with the revolution in the form of cooperation with the West in advance but later due to concerns about increasing America's presence in the region and extend this process to Eurasia, policy trends and revolutionary opposition to support governments in the form of confrontation with the West followed. This paper considers Russia's approach to the popular uprisings and revolutions in the Middle East.

Relations between Germany and Iran have a long history and are full of ups and downs. This relationship since the Islamic Revolution and the reunification of Germany entered a new phase and is associated with transformation. Germany, as one of the main founders of the Union of European countries as well as Europe, has the important role of the international arena. On the other hand Iran as an important and influential country in the sphere of regional and trans-regional, was regarded by the great powers.Although Germany's most important economic partner in Europe and an annual trade turnover between the two countries is growing, but relations between them fragile and vulnerable. Following the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the unification of Germany in 1990 and resulting in the birth of the new government of the Federal Republic of Germany, the new foreign policy of the united Germany's political system was apparent. In other words, "the state of the union" and "international system after the Cold War", were two factors that drove the Federal German foreign policy outlook and a new attitude. This present paper was conducted to better understand the relationship between the two countries and attempt to compare and analyzed Schroder and Merkel's foreign policy towards the Islamic Republic of Iran. We discuss that relations between the two countries Merkel during the comparable period Schroder, turned cold, has done and 5 Email: habib.shirazi@Iauctb.ac.ir 26 eventually provide data and compare them with each other and provide measures to improve relations during the period of ice Schroder and Merkel.

Arabic governments’ developments that began in 2010 in Tunisia and transferred to other countries such as Egypt and Libya it was a reaction to different states, one of which is Turkey. Turkey under the Justice and Development Party has a strong presence in the Arab world and the Middle East. Also, Islamic Awakening has placed an opportunity for policy makers and the government to show an active participation in the development process, their goals more seriously than before in their pursuit. This paper attempts to investigate the effect of changing the policy makers in Turkey during the AKP without that we are right or wrong, success or failure of Turkey's foreign policy will be evaluated. Also, the presence of these behaviours in the form of mediation, advocacy, cooperation with NATO and the journey of Turkish authorities in the Arabic countries is reviewed. How and why the Turkish government on Turkey's efforts to spread Islamic model in the region, becoming a bridge interface between the Islamic Middle East with Europe, Protect the interests of America in the Arab world, becoming a model of regional identity and effort for leadership in regional reforms and identity competition with Iran in the region will be studied.