نشریه مطالعات دفاعی استراتژیک
پیاپی 56 (تابستان 1393)

Deterrence is a strategy in which a power employs threats to prevent enemy's attacks. The idea of deterrence is as old as war. There are two kinds of symmetric and asymmetric deterrence, based on the military capabilities. Asymmetrical deterrence is based on fear balance in which different methods, models and heterogeneous hard wares are used. Asymmetric deterrence was under focus in the interaction between the United States and Taliban before 2001, due to an imbalance in military power. Afghanistan has, since its formation, encountered different internal and externalcrises. Because of 9/11 attacks, emergence and threat and coercion became part of US policy. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of super terrorism caused the US to shift from deterrence to preventive policy. Ignorance of the Taliban rulers in dealing with global issues such as 9/11 attacks was the a major factor in their military deterrence failure. This is an applied developmental research done through case field study. this paper reviews the Function of deterrence model to control Taliban in US preventive war against Afghanistan in 2001 with an emphasis on Afghanistan's internal factors.

Justice and security, two strategic and basic concepts, have been emphasized by our supreme leader in different political and social contexts based on various circumstances and time requirements. His Excellency believes that these two concepts are the ideal of humanity and they are also interdependent. He expresses: if there is no security, there will be no social justice and if there is no justice, security will serve the affluent. The main objective of this study is determining the relation between justice and security and the proportion and ratio of these two concepts in the guidelines of Imam Khamenie (may God extent his life) considering national security. This is an applied developmental research employing descriptive inferential method by applying content and discourse analysis to analyze the data and present a model based on the thoughts of Imam Khamenie (may God extent his life). Following components taken from the analysis of the data are used to show the ratio of justice and security in the thoughts of Imam Khamenie (may God extent his life): Islamic governance, spirituality, rationality, legalism, Islamic identity, commonwealth, public order, political stability, national authority, satisfaction, efficiency, trust, participation and legitimacy.

The development of technologies and industries has caused the increasing need for fossil energies in communities. With disarray and pause in supply and transition of energy, the need of people, specially consuming countries, would not be prepared and the economic activities of energy producing countries would be stopped. Energy as a geopolitics variant has a special place in the realm of international relations and provision of security, as a kind of new issues and topics of international energy law, has been settled in the agenda of all the states and international treaties. But what is the concept and fundamental issues of energy security? The purpose of this study is to clarify the concept of energy security and recognize its fundamental issues from the aspects of international treaties such as Energy Charter Treaty, World Trade Organization Agreements , the regulation and rules of European Union and constituent treaty of North American Free Trade Organization , named NAFTA , as the basic sources of international law.

Islamic Futurology is an emerging version of the current futurology which is both compatible with Islam and utilizes Islamic teachings to maximum. Having been dealt with in regard with possibility and nature so far, in the present study, Islamic Futurology is examined in terms of how it could be materialized. To do so, the version requires a strategic approach by which it could take distance from the current futurology and manifest itself. The ideal perspective of this route is the full materialization of the abstracted version, however, it should be considered that Islamic Futurology takes shape in practice and is affected by temporal-spatial conditions. Accordingly, the ideal perspective is not likely to be materialized at the present and it has to be orientated in reliance with an operational perspective in such a way that the necessary strategies be developed. Having utilized the viewpoints of the concerned pundits, this study seeks to map the materialization of Islamic Futurology and its operational perspective and then develop the necessary strategies.

National power is included in the main tools for the prosperity of political systems which encompasses cultural authority, considered the factual power in the viewpoint of Imam Khamenei (may God prolong his life), as a constituent. The root of power in Islam stems from divine might and rule which is hierarchically exercised by the prophet of Islam, infallible Imams and in the era of occultation by the extreme Velayat-e-Faqih. Consequently, the Islamic culture is to be developed in all socio-individual interactions of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Government. Needless to say, the cultural fundaments in any political system are in homogeneity with her culture, teachings and beliefs. Accordingly in an Islamic system, the fundaments have to be extracted from religious principles and teachings . Elsewhere the present study seeks to extract the fundaments of cultural authority in Islam based on Human Theory in Quran maintained by Ayatollah Javadi Amoli by means of qualitative method and on desk. This theory contends that based on the analysis of the quadruple dimension of human being, from the utmost inferior to the sublime levels of spirituality, as well as the Theory of Nature, it is possible to meet the dimension of human being which is able to grow under the principles of Islamic culture. Human development and growth upon the Islamic culture invigorates Islamic solidarity and national sovereignty and then development of national power.

Today, one of the main factors of strategic plans in countries such as IRI is to recognize, confront and manage threats. Based on the religious nature and religious teachings, IRI has the advantage to employ the best methods to formulate strategies to confront threats especially soft ones. The main question in this study relates to identifying the nature and types of Pharaonic threats against Moses. The hypothesis of the study is that soft threats are the main threats with the higher variety, frequency and priority against Moses concerning the typology of the threats. The main purpose of the study is to identify the typology and ontology of the Pharaonic threats against Moses. Key words such as Moses, children of Israel, Haroon and Pharaoh were used to search in Holy Quran and 83 related verses were selected to be interpreted and ranked based on the objective of the study. Descriptive and referential statistic methods were used to analyze the data. Findings show that soft threats with the higher variety, frequency and priority than hard ones were used by pharaonic system against Moses.